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<p>Iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) were biosynthesized via a green co-precipitation method using aqueous extract of the invasive weed <i>Parthenium hysterophorus</i>, yielding particles with an average diameter of 14.65 ± 5.7&#xa0;nm, as confirmed by TEM analysis. XRD revealed a pure crystalline phase with peaks at 2θ = 21.7°, 35.1°, 42.3°, 52.9°, 61.7°, and 69.3°, while SEM-EDS indicated a spherical morphology with 32.62% Fe and 34.97% O composition. DLS demonstrated a uniform distribution, and the zeta potential indicated stability. The IONPs exhibited potent antibacterial activity against <i>Klebsiella pneumoniae</i>, with an MIC of 1.56&#xa0;µg/mL and an MBC of 6.25&#xa0;µg/mL, resulting in inhibition zones of 3.4&#xa0;mm (6.25&#xa0;µg/mL) and 6.8&#xa0;mm (12.5&#xa0;µg/mL). However, they showed no activity against <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>. Antifungal assays revealed significant inhibition of <i>Fusarium</i> sp. growth on Czapek-Dox agar after 4 days at 28&#xa0;°C. In hydroponic plant growth studies, 20&#xa0;mg/L IONPs enhanced <i>Arachis hypogaea </i>biomass by 20% (plant length), 15% (primary root length), and 25% (chlorophyll content), and <i>Brassica juncea</i> by 18% (primary root length), 22% (chlorophyll content), and 28% (fresh weight) over 14 days. Anti-hemolysis assays on human RBCs showed concentration-dependent protection with an IC50 of 600&#xa0;µg/mL (hemolysis 14.37–37.6% at 600–1400&#xa0;µg/mL). Photocatalytic degradation of Reactive Black 5 dye (10 − 5&#xa0;M) achieved 99.57% efficiency in 60&#xa0;min under sunlight (6.08 kWh m-2 intensity), following pseudo-first-order kinetics (k = 0.065&#xa0;min⁻¹, R² = 0.997), with hydroxyl radicals identified as the primary reactive species via scavenging experiments (efficiency drop to 32.17% with IPA). Total organic carbon (TOC) analysis confirmed mineralization, as evidenced by a reduction in carbon content over time. This circular economy, also known as the waste-to-wealth approach, transforms invasive <i>P. hysterophorus</i> waste into IONPs for antimicrobial, agricultural, biomedical, and wastewater remediation applications.</p>

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Facile biosynthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles from Parthenium hysterophorus extract and investigating their bioactive and photocatalytic applications

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年11月21日

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  • Sangeeta Banerjee,
  • Arnab Mukherjee,
  • Debasis Dhak,
  • Barkha Madhogaria,
  • Sohini Chakraborty,
  • Atreyee Kundu,
  • Prasanta Dhak

摘要

Iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) were biosynthesized via a green co-precipitation method using aqueous extract of the invasive weed Parthenium hysterophorus, yielding particles with an average diameter of 14.65 ± 5.7 nm, as confirmed by TEM analysis. XRD revealed a pure crystalline phase with peaks at 2θ = 21.7°, 35.1°, 42.3°, 52.9°, 61.7°, and 69.3°, while SEM-EDS indicated a spherical morphology with 32.62% Fe and 34.97% O composition. DLS demonstrated a uniform distribution, and the zeta potential indicated stability. The IONPs exhibited potent antibacterial activity against Klebsiella pneumoniae, with an MIC of 1.56 µg/mL and an MBC of 6.25 µg/mL, resulting in inhibition zones of 3.4 mm (6.25 µg/mL) and 6.8 mm (12.5 µg/mL). However, they showed no activity against Staphylococcus aureus. Antifungal assays revealed significant inhibition of Fusarium sp. growth on Czapek-Dox agar after 4 days at 28 °C. In hydroponic plant growth studies, 20 mg/L IONPs enhanced Arachis hypogaea biomass by 20% (plant length), 15% (primary root length), and 25% (chlorophyll content), and Brassica juncea by 18% (primary root length), 22% (chlorophyll content), and 28% (fresh weight) over 14 days. Anti-hemolysis assays on human RBCs showed concentration-dependent protection with an IC50 of 600 µg/mL (hemolysis 14.37–37.6% at 600–1400 µg/mL). Photocatalytic degradation of Reactive Black 5 dye (10 − 5 M) achieved 99.57% efficiency in 60 min under sunlight (6.08 kWh m-2 intensity), following pseudo-first-order kinetics (k = 0.065 min⁻¹, R² = 0.997), with hydroxyl radicals identified as the primary reactive species via scavenging experiments (efficiency drop to 32.17% with IPA). Total organic carbon (TOC) analysis confirmed mineralization, as evidenced by a reduction in carbon content over time. This circular economy, also known as the waste-to-wealth approach, transforms invasive P. hysterophorus waste into IONPs for antimicrobial, agricultural, biomedical, and wastewater remediation applications.