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<p>The entire herbage is used as the economic part of the medicinal crop of <i>Andrographis paniculata</i> however, the leaves contain nearly three times more andrographolide content as compared to the stem. Phase shift checks vegetative growth with the apical tips being transformed into panicles. Therefore, a nonflowering type of plant is considered an ideotype as it continues to produce new leaves and yields more andrographolide yield. Flowering was induced in such an ideotype; a natural mutant with lack of flowering on apical tip through a physiological intervention. Unlike the typical flowering variety VK 1, a nonflowering on apical tip mutant exhibits a "stay-green" phenotype with continuous leaf production, leading to a substantial increase up to 60% in andrographolide yield without compromising total herbage output. The transcriptomic comparison between a naturally flowered variety VK1 and the mutant generated 111&#xa0;GB raw data (NCBI bio-sample IDs SAMN46042656 to SAMN46042664), 213,329 transcripts, 187,343 unigenes and 268,477 CDSs from combined assembly. The NCBI’s (nr) blast annotation showed 217,160 CDSs hits with 2352 CDSs encoding genes related to flowering. Total 215 representative CDSs (PV207635 to PV207849) have been submitted to the NCBI’s nucleotide repository. MicroRNAs; Apa-miR156 and Apa-miR172 were identified, their hairpin structure predicted and targets were identified. Apa-miR172 is targeting the <i>ApAP2</i>, cyclic <i>ApDOF3</i>, <i>ApPHYC</i> and <i>ApWRKY12</i> causing inhibition at cleavage level. On the other hand, the Apa-miR156 targeted <i>ApFPA</i> causing inhibition at translation level, and <i>ApGI</i>, <i>ApSPL12</i>, <i>ApSPL6</i>, <i>ApRGA</i>, <i>ApRBR</i>, <i>ApPHL</i>, <i>ApARP</i>, <i>ApFRS</i>, <i>ApFK1</i>, <i>ApMYB3R1</i>, <i>ApLNK1</i>, <i>ApEMF1</i> and <i>ApDRM3</i> at cleavage level. Based on the data, putative flowering pathways related to circadian rhythms, vernalization, autonomous regulation, hormonal signaling, aging and trehalose sugar signaling have been proposed. Considering the differential expression profiles of some of the flowering genes being target of miRNAs, it is proposed that the elicitation with GA<sub>3</sub> may have induced flowering in a mutant via hormone signaling and aging pathways.</p>

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Transcriptomic revealing of the mechanism of flowering in a stay green mutant Andrographis paniculata with lack of flowering on apical tip

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年8月6日

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  • Kuldeepsingh A. Kalariya,
  • Krishna A. Parmar,
  • Parmeshwar Lal Saran,
  • Rohan Sarkar,
  • Manish Das

摘要

The entire herbage is used as the economic part of the medicinal crop of Andrographis paniculata however, the leaves contain nearly three times more andrographolide content as compared to the stem. Phase shift checks vegetative growth with the apical tips being transformed into panicles. Therefore, a nonflowering type of plant is considered an ideotype as it continues to produce new leaves and yields more andrographolide yield. Flowering was induced in such an ideotype; a natural mutant with lack of flowering on apical tip through a physiological intervention. Unlike the typical flowering variety VK 1, a nonflowering on apical tip mutant exhibits a "stay-green" phenotype with continuous leaf production, leading to a substantial increase up to 60% in andrographolide yield without compromising total herbage output. The transcriptomic comparison between a naturally flowered variety VK1 and the mutant generated 111 GB raw data (NCBI bio-sample IDs SAMN46042656 to SAMN46042664), 213,329 transcripts, 187,343 unigenes and 268,477 CDSs from combined assembly. The NCBI’s (nr) blast annotation showed 217,160 CDSs hits with 2352 CDSs encoding genes related to flowering. Total 215 representative CDSs (PV207635 to PV207849) have been submitted to the NCBI’s nucleotide repository. MicroRNAs; Apa-miR156 and Apa-miR172 were identified, their hairpin structure predicted and targets were identified. Apa-miR172 is targeting the ApAP2, cyclic ApDOF3, ApPHYC and ApWRKY12 causing inhibition at cleavage level. On the other hand, the Apa-miR156 targeted ApFPA causing inhibition at translation level, and ApGI, ApSPL12, ApSPL6, ApRGA, ApRBR, ApPHL, ApARP, ApFRS, ApFK1, ApMYB3R1, ApLNK1, ApEMF1 and ApDRM3 at cleavage level. Based on the data, putative flowering pathways related to circadian rhythms, vernalization, autonomous regulation, hormonal signaling, aging and trehalose sugar signaling have been proposed. Considering the differential expression profiles of some of the flowering genes being target of miRNAs, it is proposed that the elicitation with GA3 may have induced flowering in a mutant via hormone signaling and aging pathways.