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<p>Self-assembly is a fundamental phenomenon in materials science that enables molecules to spontaneously organize into well-defined nanostructures without external assistance. In this study, p-phenylenediamine-based polyureas were synthesized via polycondensation and investigated for their combined self-assembly behavior and anion recognition capability. Structural integrity of the polymers was confirmed using NMR, FTIR, and XRD analyses. Solvent-dependent self-assembly examined by Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) revealed methanol as the most effective medium, producing uniform nanoparticles with an average diameter of 175.23&#xa0;nm and a low polydispersity index (PDI = 0.174). Anion recognition evaluated through UV–Vis titration demonstrated pronounced selectivity toward phosphate, exhibiting the highest binding constant (4182&#xa0;M⁻¹) and the lowest detection limit (9.33 µM). These results directly link the synthesis objective to observed performance trends, highlighting the potential of p-phenylenediamine-based polyureas as scalable and durable platforms for selective ion sensing and environmental monitoring applications.</p>

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Exploring the self-assembly and anion recognition properties of p-phenylenediamine-based polyurea derivatives

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月16日

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  • Zaiwen Yang,
  • Xianzhi Wang

摘要

Self-assembly is a fundamental phenomenon in materials science that enables molecules to spontaneously organize into well-defined nanostructures without external assistance. In this study, p-phenylenediamine-based polyureas were synthesized via polycondensation and investigated for their combined self-assembly behavior and anion recognition capability. Structural integrity of the polymers was confirmed using NMR, FTIR, and XRD analyses. Solvent-dependent self-assembly examined by Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) revealed methanol as the most effective medium, producing uniform nanoparticles with an average diameter of 175.23 nm and a low polydispersity index (PDI = 0.174). Anion recognition evaluated through UV–Vis titration demonstrated pronounced selectivity toward phosphate, exhibiting the highest binding constant (4182 M⁻¹) and the lowest detection limit (9.33 µM). These results directly link the synthesis objective to observed performance trends, highlighting the potential of p-phenylenediamine-based polyureas as scalable and durable platforms for selective ion sensing and environmental monitoring applications.