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<p>Co-pyrolysis of lignocellulosic sawdust and non-recyclable polypropylene waste provides a biorefinery-driven pathway for producing high-performance biochar while simultaneously valorizing forestry residues and plastic waste. Mixed sawdust-PP feedstocks were thermochemically converted at 300, 400, and 500&#xa0;°C using a semi-continuous LPG-fired reactor designed for rural Thai communities. Physicochemical characterization revealed a clear temperature-dependent structural evolution from cellulose-rich matrices to carbon-dense, partially graphitic frameworks with enhanced aromaticity and pore accessibility, while the BET surface area varied in the low range (~ 102–166&#xa0;m² g⁻¹) due to plastic-induced pore masking. The surface pH<sub>pzc</sub> shifted toward near-neutral values (~ 6.0–6.2) with increasing temperature, enhancing electrostatic interactions with Cu²⁺. Copper adsorption performance increased markedly with temperature, with maximum capacities of 85.4&#xa0;mg g⁻¹ (300&#xa0;°C), 111.7&#xa0;mg g⁻¹ (400&#xa0;°C), and 126.1&#xa0;mg g⁻¹ (500&#xa0;°C). Kinetic analysis showed that fractal-like and general-order models (R² &gt; 0.99) best described the adsorption behavior, confirming heterogeneous and diffusion-influenced chemisorption. The Redlich–Peterson and Liu isotherms provided the best equilibrium fits, indicating adsorption on energetically heterogeneous surfaces. Thermodynamic parameters verified that the adsorption process was spontaneous, endothermic, and entropy driven. The SPB produced at 500&#xa0;°C retained over 73% of its initial removal efficiency after five regeneration cycles, demonstrating strong operational stability. Overall, these results establish co-pyrolyzed sawdust–PP biochar as a cost-effective, activation-free adsorbent aligned with circular bioeconomy and biorefinery strategies, supporting decentralized wastewater treatment and contributing to SDGs related to clean water, responsible production, and climate action.</p>

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Co-pyrolyzed sawdust–polypropylene biochar as a sustainable adsorbent for heavy-metal removal in wastewater

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月21日

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  • Torpong Kreetachat,
  • Saksit Imman,
  • Nopparat Suriyachai,
  • Suphalerk Khaowdang,
  • Aitsara Chanthakhot,
  • Athicha Janthakhot,
  • Surachai Wongcharee,
  • Worachate Sangsida,
  • Sukanya Hongthong,
  • Kowit Suwannahong

摘要

Co-pyrolysis of lignocellulosic sawdust and non-recyclable polypropylene waste provides a biorefinery-driven pathway for producing high-performance biochar while simultaneously valorizing forestry residues and plastic waste. Mixed sawdust-PP feedstocks were thermochemically converted at 300, 400, and 500 °C using a semi-continuous LPG-fired reactor designed for rural Thai communities. Physicochemical characterization revealed a clear temperature-dependent structural evolution from cellulose-rich matrices to carbon-dense, partially graphitic frameworks with enhanced aromaticity and pore accessibility, while the BET surface area varied in the low range (~ 102–166 m² g⁻¹) due to plastic-induced pore masking. The surface pHpzc shifted toward near-neutral values (~ 6.0–6.2) with increasing temperature, enhancing electrostatic interactions with Cu²⁺. Copper adsorption performance increased markedly with temperature, with maximum capacities of 85.4 mg g⁻¹ (300 °C), 111.7 mg g⁻¹ (400 °C), and 126.1 mg g⁻¹ (500 °C). Kinetic analysis showed that fractal-like and general-order models (R² > 0.99) best described the adsorption behavior, confirming heterogeneous and diffusion-influenced chemisorption. The Redlich–Peterson and Liu isotherms provided the best equilibrium fits, indicating adsorption on energetically heterogeneous surfaces. Thermodynamic parameters verified that the adsorption process was spontaneous, endothermic, and entropy driven. The SPB produced at 500 °C retained over 73% of its initial removal efficiency after five regeneration cycles, demonstrating strong operational stability. Overall, these results establish co-pyrolyzed sawdust–PP biochar as a cost-effective, activation-free adsorbent aligned with circular bioeconomy and biorefinery strategies, supporting decentralized wastewater treatment and contributing to SDGs related to clean water, responsible production, and climate action.