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<p>The present investigation aims to understand and find evidence for groundwater potential and vulnerable zones in the over-exploited Chikkaballapura district of southern India. 124 Vertical Electrical Soundings (VES) are conducted using the Schlumberger electrode array with a maximum electrode spacing of 400&#xa0;m. The data obtained is analysed and processed within IPI2win software, and interpretation revealed AA and HA type of curves, exhibiting 3 to 4 layered geo-electric sections. The geoelectrical stratification of the study area reveals significant spatial variability in layer thickness and resistivity. The subsurface is characterized by (i) a topsoil layer with thickness ranging from 0.12 to 8&#xa0;m and resistivity values between 2 and 582 Ωm; (ii) a weathered zone (phreatic aquifer–I) with thickness of 1.5–24&#xa0;m and resistivity ranging from 4 to 650 Ωm; and (iii) an underlying hard to massive bedrock (confined to semi-confined aquifer–II) with thickness varying between 99 and 182&#xa0;m, containing fractures at depth. To further characterize the resistivity regime and aquifer properties, Dar-Zarrouk parameters, including longitudinal conductance (S), transverse resistance (T), and coefficient of anisotropy (λ), are evaluated in conjunction with the spatial distribution of resistivity and aquifer thickness. It is observed that most of the area in the study region shows low S, high T, and moderate λ values, suggesting that these areas contain high transmissivity zones and act as potential zones for groundwater. Additionally, the results suggest that the southern region and some patches in the western and middle part of the study area have moderate to high S values, reflecting a good to very good protective capacity rating protected by external pollution. Based on the geophysical survey, 40 borewells were recommended and subsequently drilled, of which 23 yielded more than one liter per second, indicating a high success rate. The identified fracture zones show good agreement with drilling results, thereby validating the geophysical interpretation. The findings provide a reliable basis for groundwater exploration and support improved planning and management of groundwater resources. The study may be helpful in socially beneficial practices that can be utilized by non-profit organizations, scientists, and government agencies to improve the management of underground water resources.</p>

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Demarcation of groundwater potential and vulnerability zones in drought-prone and over-exploited hard rock terrain of southern India using integrated hydro-geophysical technique

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月30日

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  • Mayank Dixit,
  • Veena R. Achutha,
  • Arpan Shastri,
  • Deepa Gupta,
  • Chandrakanta Ojha

摘要

The present investigation aims to understand and find evidence for groundwater potential and vulnerable zones in the over-exploited Chikkaballapura district of southern India. 124 Vertical Electrical Soundings (VES) are conducted using the Schlumberger electrode array with a maximum electrode spacing of 400 m. The data obtained is analysed and processed within IPI2win software, and interpretation revealed AA and HA type of curves, exhibiting 3 to 4 layered geo-electric sections. The geoelectrical stratification of the study area reveals significant spatial variability in layer thickness and resistivity. The subsurface is characterized by (i) a topsoil layer with thickness ranging from 0.12 to 8 m and resistivity values between 2 and 582 Ωm; (ii) a weathered zone (phreatic aquifer–I) with thickness of 1.5–24 m and resistivity ranging from 4 to 650 Ωm; and (iii) an underlying hard to massive bedrock (confined to semi-confined aquifer–II) with thickness varying between 99 and 182 m, containing fractures at depth. To further characterize the resistivity regime and aquifer properties, Dar-Zarrouk parameters, including longitudinal conductance (S), transverse resistance (T), and coefficient of anisotropy (λ), are evaluated in conjunction with the spatial distribution of resistivity and aquifer thickness. It is observed that most of the area in the study region shows low S, high T, and moderate λ values, suggesting that these areas contain high transmissivity zones and act as potential zones for groundwater. Additionally, the results suggest that the southern region and some patches in the western and middle part of the study area have moderate to high S values, reflecting a good to very good protective capacity rating protected by external pollution. Based on the geophysical survey, 40 borewells were recommended and subsequently drilled, of which 23 yielded more than one liter per second, indicating a high success rate. The identified fracture zones show good agreement with drilling results, thereby validating the geophysical interpretation. The findings provide a reliable basis for groundwater exploration and support improved planning and management of groundwater resources. The study may be helpful in socially beneficial practices that can be utilized by non-profit organizations, scientists, and government agencies to improve the management of underground water resources.