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<p>Fluoride contamination poses significant challenges to human health globally. While groundwater has been extensively studied as the primary hydrological carrier of fluoride, the distribution patterns and mechanisms of fluoride in surface water remain poorly understood, particularly in large-scale river systems. The Huai River Basin (HRB), fourth-largest water system in China, exhibits the high fluoride enrichment in surface water compared to other regions nationwide. This study investigates the spatial distribution characteristics and environmental determinants of fluoride across sub-basins to enhance the understanding of fluoride cycling in the HRB. A comprehensive analysis of 380 monitoring sites revealed fluoride concentrations in surface water ranging from 0.13 to 1.36&#xa0;mg/L. Based on the Moran’s I, high-fluoride sites were found predominantly to cluster in the midstream system of Huai River (MS), the Yishusi River system (YSSS), and the northern Shandong river system (SDRS), displaying significant spatial aggregation (p &lt; 0.05) in lowland plains. Bivariate correlation analysis identified distinct biogeochemical mechanisms governing fluoride enrichment across sub-watersheds. In the upstream system (US), MS and the YSSS, fluoride exhibited strong positive correlations with electrical conductivity (EC), indicating dominant control by geological factors such as water–rock interactions. Conversely, fluoride enrichment in the downstream system of Huai River (DS) and SDRS was associated with organic-rich environments, suggesting alternative drivers. Further analysis demonstrated that topographic and geological factors appear to be the primary controls on fluoride distribution. Topographic gradients consistently led to fluoride accumulation from high-altitude headwaters to lowland areas across all sub-watersheds. Geologically enriched fluoride zones correlated with localized high-fluoride groundwater systems, suggesting consistency with localized high-fluoride groundwater systems. Research findings can provide a basis for managing fluoride accumulation in large river basins and reducing residents' fluoride exposure risks.</p>

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Spatial variation of fluoride and sub-basin driving factors in the surface water of Huai River Basin

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月8日

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  • Jiaheng Yan,
  • Hoque Anamul,
  • Jiamu Liu,
  • Shuzhen Feng

摘要

Fluoride contamination poses significant challenges to human health globally. While groundwater has been extensively studied as the primary hydrological carrier of fluoride, the distribution patterns and mechanisms of fluoride in surface water remain poorly understood, particularly in large-scale river systems. The Huai River Basin (HRB), fourth-largest water system in China, exhibits the high fluoride enrichment in surface water compared to other regions nationwide. This study investigates the spatial distribution characteristics and environmental determinants of fluoride across sub-basins to enhance the understanding of fluoride cycling in the HRB. A comprehensive analysis of 380 monitoring sites revealed fluoride concentrations in surface water ranging from 0.13 to 1.36 mg/L. Based on the Moran’s I, high-fluoride sites were found predominantly to cluster in the midstream system of Huai River (MS), the Yishusi River system (YSSS), and the northern Shandong river system (SDRS), displaying significant spatial aggregation (p < 0.05) in lowland plains. Bivariate correlation analysis identified distinct biogeochemical mechanisms governing fluoride enrichment across sub-watersheds. In the upstream system (US), MS and the YSSS, fluoride exhibited strong positive correlations with electrical conductivity (EC), indicating dominant control by geological factors such as water–rock interactions. Conversely, fluoride enrichment in the downstream system of Huai River (DS) and SDRS was associated with organic-rich environments, suggesting alternative drivers. Further analysis demonstrated that topographic and geological factors appear to be the primary controls on fluoride distribution. Topographic gradients consistently led to fluoride accumulation from high-altitude headwaters to lowland areas across all sub-watersheds. Geologically enriched fluoride zones correlated with localized high-fluoride groundwater systems, suggesting consistency with localized high-fluoride groundwater systems. Research findings can provide a basis for managing fluoride accumulation in large river basins and reducing residents' fluoride exposure risks.