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<p>A ternary TiO₂/BiVO₄/activated carbon (AC) heterostructure was synthesized and evaluated for photocatalytic degradation of phenol and methylene blue (MB) under UVA and visible light. Structural and optical analyses confirmed an S-scheme TiO₂–BiVO₄ junction uniformly distributed on porous AC, with reduced band gap (2.41&#xa0;eV). AC incorporation enhanced adsorption, light absorption, and charge separation. The composite achieved up to 99% phenol removal and 96% MB degradation under UVA, retained ~ 81% efficiency after five cycles, and showed broad-spectrum activity. Radical scavenging indicated valence band holes and superoxide radicals as dominant species. The synergistic charge separation, adsorption, and extended photoresponse make TiO₂/BiVO₄/AC a promising photocatalyst for water purification.</p>

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Ternary synergy: a TiO₂/BiVO₄/AC composite for sustainable water purification

  • 期刊论文

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月3日

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  • Roya Shirzad Fakhrabad,
  • Sakineh Ghasemzadeh,
  • Hassan Hosseini-Monfared

摘要

A ternary TiO₂/BiVO₄/activated carbon (AC) heterostructure was synthesized and evaluated for photocatalytic degradation of phenol and methylene blue (MB) under UVA and visible light. Structural and optical analyses confirmed an S-scheme TiO₂–BiVO₄ junction uniformly distributed on porous AC, with reduced band gap (2.41 eV). AC incorporation enhanced adsorption, light absorption, and charge separation. The composite achieved up to 99% phenol removal and 96% MB degradation under UVA, retained ~ 81% efficiency after five cycles, and showed broad-spectrum activity. Radical scavenging indicated valence band holes and superoxide radicals as dominant species. The synergistic charge separation, adsorption, and extended photoresponse make TiO₂/BiVO₄/AC a promising photocatalyst for water purification.