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<p>Crystal violet (CV) is a recalcitrant triphenylmethane dye that poses carcinogenic, mutagenic, and teratogenic risks to many organisms. This study was designed to assess the degradation capability of <i>Arthrobacter</i> for CV dye by embedding bacteria in a composite matrix comprising biochar and sodium alginate, and coated with chitosan. The degradation efficiency of the immobilized bacterial agent was evaluated under different conditions by altering key influencing factors. The findings demonstrated that under conditions of 30&#xa0;°C, pH 7, and an initial CV dye concentration of 100&#xa0;mg/L, the introduction of 10% of the immobilized bacterial agent attained a decolorization efficiency of 90%. LC–MS analysis revealed that the immobilized bacterial agent could convert CV dye into Michler’s ketone and N, N-dimethylaminophenol, significantly reducing the toxicity of the dye. Seeds irrigated with untreated CV dye exhibited a germination rate of only 37.78%, whereas following a 48-h treatment period, the germination rate increased to 80.00%. Therefore, this work establishes that the immobilized bacterial agent demonstrates considerable promise for CV dye degradation and markedly diminishes its toxicological impact, suggesting that this method represents a promising new approach for treating wastewater containing CV dye.</p>

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Decolorization potential of Immobilized Arthrobacter for crystal violet dye in wastewater and its toxicity analysis

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年11月26日

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  • Xuyang Shi,
  • Shuaihao Yue,
  • Yanfei Wang,
  • Yanqiu Lu,
  • Shikai Huang,
  • Xinyu Liu,
  • Huifang Wu

摘要

Crystal violet (CV) is a recalcitrant triphenylmethane dye that poses carcinogenic, mutagenic, and teratogenic risks to many organisms. This study was designed to assess the degradation capability of Arthrobacter for CV dye by embedding bacteria in a composite matrix comprising biochar and sodium alginate, and coated with chitosan. The degradation efficiency of the immobilized bacterial agent was evaluated under different conditions by altering key influencing factors. The findings demonstrated that under conditions of 30 °C, pH 7, and an initial CV dye concentration of 100 mg/L, the introduction of 10% of the immobilized bacterial agent attained a decolorization efficiency of 90%. LC–MS analysis revealed that the immobilized bacterial agent could convert CV dye into Michler’s ketone and N, N-dimethylaminophenol, significantly reducing the toxicity of the dye. Seeds irrigated with untreated CV dye exhibited a germination rate of only 37.78%, whereas following a 48-h treatment period, the germination rate increased to 80.00%. Therefore, this work establishes that the immobilized bacterial agent demonstrates considerable promise for CV dye degradation and markedly diminishes its toxicological impact, suggesting that this method represents a promising new approach for treating wastewater containing CV dye.