Improved use of mycorrhizal fungi for upscaling of orchid cultivation and population restoration of endangered orchids in China

The orchid family (Orchidaceae) is one of the most diverse plant families in the world, but at the same time also contains one of the largest number of rare and endangered species. While conservation actions such as in situ and ex situ conservation and prohibition of international trade of wild orchids have achieved positive results to slow down the current decline of orchids, species with high medicinal or ornamental value may require more advanced measures. Recent pilot studies using novel cultivation techniques have successfully reintroduced endangered epiphytic orchids and facilitated the commercial cultivation of medicinal orchids. Because fungal partners play a key role in in situ symbiotic seed germination and industrial cultivation, we advocate for the development of fungus banks in laboratories engaging in orchid research, where fungi obtained from germinating seeds or seedlings can be studied and used to improve orchid germination under both in vitro and in situ conditions. Furthermore, these fungi could be shared nationally and internationally, enhancing orchid conservation efforts across the globe. Similar to seed banks, the development of fungus banks will reduce the possibility of fungi going extinct and ensure their availability for reintroduction programs and commercial cultivation. With the availability of both a fungus and seed bank, the conservation of threatened orchid species can be significantly enhanced by improving restoration programs and commercial cultivation of medicinal orchids and releasing the pressure on wild populations from harvesting.