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<p>The product market has become fiercely competitive in recent years due to industrialization. Many companies now produce the same goods to meet customers’ needs, leading to intense competition. Manufacturers are implementing attractive offers like discounts, additional sales efforts, and more to survive in this competitive market.</p><p>Consequently, this study rigorously examines the pricing decision and the effect of a discount policy with four different models on a closed-loop supply chain with two substitute products and one complementary product. It considers that the customers’ base demand depends on the discount percentage of the product’s marked price. Consumer demand is also linearly related to product selling prices and the level of sales efforts. Optimal solutions are then found analytically using a game-theoretic approach across four different decision models, and the analytical results are validated with a numerical example, ensuring the robustness of our findings.</p><p>Additionally, sensitivity analysis is carried out to investigate the impacts of a few significant critical parameters on the profit of supply chain members. The study’s findings have significant practical implications for supply chain management and marketing. The discount policy and sales effort are shown to substantially impact the profit of the supply chain members. For instance, the members profit most when two substitute product manufacturers are given discounts on their products’ marked prices, suggesting that strategic discounting can be a powerful tool for increasing profitability. Furthermore, it is observed that the two substitute product manufacturers are individually profitable when their substitute product manufacturer dominates the market.</p>

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Impact of discount and bundled strategies in a closed-loop supply chain for complementary and substitute products

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月25日

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  • Subir Guin,
  • Brojeswar Pal

摘要

The product market has become fiercely competitive in recent years due to industrialization. Many companies now produce the same goods to meet customers’ needs, leading to intense competition. Manufacturers are implementing attractive offers like discounts, additional sales efforts, and more to survive in this competitive market.

Consequently, this study rigorously examines the pricing decision and the effect of a discount policy with four different models on a closed-loop supply chain with two substitute products and one complementary product. It considers that the customers’ base demand depends on the discount percentage of the product’s marked price. Consumer demand is also linearly related to product selling prices and the level of sales efforts. Optimal solutions are then found analytically using a game-theoretic approach across four different decision models, and the analytical results are validated with a numerical example, ensuring the robustness of our findings.

Additionally, sensitivity analysis is carried out to investigate the impacts of a few significant critical parameters on the profit of supply chain members. The study’s findings have significant practical implications for supply chain management and marketing. The discount policy and sales effort are shown to substantially impact the profit of the supply chain members. For instance, the members profit most when two substitute product manufacturers are given discounts on their products’ marked prices, suggesting that strategic discounting can be a powerful tool for increasing profitability. Furthermore, it is observed that the two substitute product manufacturers are individually profitable when their substitute product manufacturer dominates the market.