Voting rights represent the cornerstone of democratic governance, empowering citizens to shape their nation’s future. However, modern democracies face mounting pressure to balance transparency, security, and environmental stewardship in their electoral processes. Conventional paper-based voting systems present significant challenges: substantial ecological footprints through deforestation and CO \(_2\) emissions, vulnerability to fraud and human error, and inherent scalability limitations that strain electoral infrastructure. We present PQR-HAC, a novel hybrid blockchain e-voting architecture that addresses these critical deficiencies through advanced sharding mechanisms and post-quantum cryptographic protocols. Our system employs geographically distributed blockchain shards that reduce transaction latency by 40% while supporting large-scale electoral operations. A custom multiparty computation (MPC) protocol generates anonymized voter tokens, effectively preventing coercion and duplicate voting while preserving voter privacy integrity. Performance evaluation using real-world election datasets demonstrates that PQR-HAC achieves 3.2times higher transaction throughput compared to existing blockchain voting implementations, establishing its feasibility for national-scale deployment. This framework represents a significant advancement in democratic modernization, offering integrated security assurances, environmental sustainability, and mathematically verifiable trust mechanisms that address the evolving needs of contemporary electoral systems.
