Measuring the influence of R&D investments on India’s sustainability issues using neutrosophic goal programming

Many countries face notable economic, environmental, and societal issues and have a strong dedication to allocating resources towards research and development (R&D) endeavours in order to secure enduring financial viability. This study aims to contribute to the literature on economic development by utilising endogenous factors in the estimation of R&D spending. The neutrosophic goal programming technique was employed in this research to assess the viability of GDP, greenhouse gas emissions, power consumption, and the overall workforce count, with the aim of determining the most optimal labour distribution across various economic domains. The findings suggest that the nation must undergo a sociotechnical overhaul encompassing modifications in institutional frameworks, customary practises, and technological aspects. Additionally, India ought to augment its expenditure on R&D from 0.6 to 5% to foster the creation of sustainable energy resources capable of satisfying present electricity consumption requirements while simultaneously mitigating forthcoming greenhouse gas emissions. The conclusions of the model are intended to provide policymakers with empirical evidence and a comprehensive understanding of how to improve optimal policies. This research holds significance for scholars and policymakers who seek to assess the influence of India's R&D activities on its enduring economic sustainability.