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<p>Fermented grape skins (FGS) were dried in a heat pump dryer (HPD) and a traditional tray dryer (TD) at temperatures from 50 to 70&#xa0;°C. Chemical, thermal, morphological, and structural properties of all samples were examined. Afterward, dried FGS samples were subjected to solvent extraction and supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) with ethanol cosolvent. The Henderson and Pabis model was suitable to fit the drying kinetics data, and the activation energy (21.1&#xa0;kJ mol<sup>− 1</sup>) was lower in HPD. All the samples dried in HPD had lower thermal stability, however, they showed the lowest reductions in anthocyanins contents (113.6&#xa0;mg 100&#xa0;g<sup>− 1</sup>) and in total antioxidant activity values (73.70% inhibition) in HPD at 70&#xa0;°C, due to the decrease in total drying time (around 55&#xa0;min). SFE-CO<sub>2</sub> and the ethanol cosolvent yielded the highest lipid extract (90.2% of total lipids) and anthocyanins content (150.9&#xa0;mg 100&#xa0;g<sup>− 1</sup>), at the highest temperature and mass ratio of sample: cosolvent. The oils by SFE contained high concentrations of unsaturated fatty acid ω-3, such as linolenic, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). HPD-SFE was sustainable as green technology for the production of lipid extracts from fermented grape skins, rich in anthocyanins and unsaturated fatty acids.</p>

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Heat pump drying and supercritical CO₂ extraction: a green strategy for recovering bioactive lipids and anthocyanins from fermented grape skins

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月12日

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  • Luana R. Nobre,
  • Estéfani C. Rios,
  • Micheli L. Monte,
  • Patrick P. Silva,
  • Tito R. S. Cadaval Jr,
  • Elizangela G. Oliveira,
  • Luiz A. A. Pinto

摘要

Fermented grape skins (FGS) were dried in a heat pump dryer (HPD) and a traditional tray dryer (TD) at temperatures from 50 to 70 °C. Chemical, thermal, morphological, and structural properties of all samples were examined. Afterward, dried FGS samples were subjected to solvent extraction and supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) with ethanol cosolvent. The Henderson and Pabis model was suitable to fit the drying kinetics data, and the activation energy (21.1 kJ mol− 1) was lower in HPD. All the samples dried in HPD had lower thermal stability, however, they showed the lowest reductions in anthocyanins contents (113.6 mg 100 g− 1) and in total antioxidant activity values (73.70% inhibition) in HPD at 70 °C, due to the decrease in total drying time (around 55 min). SFE-CO2 and the ethanol cosolvent yielded the highest lipid extract (90.2% of total lipids) and anthocyanins content (150.9 mg 100 g− 1), at the highest temperature and mass ratio of sample: cosolvent. The oils by SFE contained high concentrations of unsaturated fatty acid ω-3, such as linolenic, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). HPD-SFE was sustainable as green technology for the production of lipid extracts from fermented grape skins, rich in anthocyanins and unsaturated fatty acids.