A practical approach to developing textural softening of shiitake mushrooms as elderly-friendly food using commercial enzymes combined with vacuum impregnation and sterilization
摘要
This study investigated the effects of commercial enzymes, vacuum impregnation, and sterilization on the texture softening of shiitake mushrooms (SM) to meet elderly-friendly food standards. SM are known for their nutritional benefits but often exhibit a chewy texture unsuitable for elderly individuals with dysphagia. Six commercial enzymes were evaluated for their impacts on texture parameters, including hardness, chewiness, and gumminess. Results showed that Performase® significantly reduced the hardness and chewiness of whole and sliced SM, while Viscozyme® L and Hemicellulase AMANO 90 exhibited complementary effects by hydrolyzing mushroom cell wall polysaccharides. Synergistic effects were observed when Performase® was combined with Viscozyme® L, especially in whole mushrooms, which enhanced textural softening. Vacuum impregnation improved enzyme penetration, while sterilization further reduced hardness, achieving International Dysphagia Diet Standardisation Initiative (IDDSI) Level 6 criteria. Mushrooms treated with Performase® and Viscozyme® L, followed by vacuum impregnation and sterilization, deformed without returning to their original shape using a fork pressure test, validating their suitability as elderly-friendly food. This study presented a practical approach for texture modification of SM, with potential applications in diets for individuals with dysphagia.