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<p>The leaves of many trees emit biogenic volatile organic compounds, known as BVOCs, which protect them from various forms of damage. Isoprene enhances resistance to heat stress, while monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes serve as defenses against herbivorous insects and pathogens. Using Pontryagin’s maximum principle, we analyzed the optimal seasonal schedule for BVOC production that maximizes net carbon gain from a cohort of leaves. Isoprene is effective in mitigating heat stress on the day it is produced. If heat stress peaks in midsummer, isoprene production may reach its highest levels during this period. High photosynthetic rates in midsummer may result in peak isoprene production occurring earlier in the season. Unlike isoprene, monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes are stored within leaf tissues and are released when leaves are damaged by herbivores. The optimal seasonal schedule of producing these BVOCs includes a period of singular control during which BVOCs are produced. The total amount of BVOCs produced increases with a slower decay rate and a higher photosynthetic rate. Interestingly, the magnitude of herbivory does not strongly influence BVOC production. BVOCs tend to be produced in advance of the peak threat period for which they are intended. Based on our model results, we discuss reported variations in BVOC production across different chemical species and tree species.</p>

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Seasonal scheduling of chemical defense in trees: An optimal-control approach

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年9月19日

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  • Yoh Iwasa,
  • Rena Hayashi,
  • Akiko Satake

摘要

The leaves of many trees emit biogenic volatile organic compounds, known as BVOCs, which protect them from various forms of damage. Isoprene enhances resistance to heat stress, while monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes serve as defenses against herbivorous insects and pathogens. Using Pontryagin’s maximum principle, we analyzed the optimal seasonal schedule for BVOC production that maximizes net carbon gain from a cohort of leaves. Isoprene is effective in mitigating heat stress on the day it is produced. If heat stress peaks in midsummer, isoprene production may reach its highest levels during this period. High photosynthetic rates in midsummer may result in peak isoprene production occurring earlier in the season. Unlike isoprene, monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes are stored within leaf tissues and are released when leaves are damaged by herbivores. The optimal seasonal schedule of producing these BVOCs includes a period of singular control during which BVOCs are produced. The total amount of BVOCs produced increases with a slower decay rate and a higher photosynthetic rate. Interestingly, the magnitude of herbivory does not strongly influence BVOC production. BVOCs tend to be produced in advance of the peak threat period for which they are intended. Based on our model results, we discuss reported variations in BVOC production across different chemical species and tree species.