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<p>The early years of life are vital for children’s developmental outcomes. This cross-sectional study determined the factors associated with the developmental status of preschool children in the Birendranagar municipality of Nepal through the lens of the bioecological model. A standardized checklist with 69 test items was used to assess the gross motor, fine motor, cognitive, and socio-emotional skills of 280 preschool children. Their family and preschool characteristics were explored through interviews with 280 parents and 32 teachers. The composite measure of gross motor (41.4%), socio-emotional (37.9%), fine motor (12.1%), and cognitive (3.6%) delays in children indicated a 61.4% delay in one or more domains. The multilevel logistic regression models based on the significantly associated factors on the children’s process, person and context levels (<i>p</i> &lt; .05) revealed their dietary preference (aOR = 3.101, 95% CI = 1.026–9.366), parent-child engagement (aOR = 4.260, 95% CI = 2.162–8.391), caste/ethnicity (aOR = 0.213, 95% CI = 0.050–0.918), and availability of school canteen (aOR = 3.651, 95% CI = 1.520–8.771) as significant predictors of child development. Children’s dietary preferences and provisions largely influenced their developmental outcomes; in contrast, parent-child engagement in stimulating activities emerged as the most potent factor, showing significant effects across all four models. The findings suggest that parents’ regular meetings and stimulation, and the provision of healthy diets to their children can help prevent children’s developmental problems.</p>

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Bioecological Factors Associated with the Development of Preschool Children: The Case of Birendranagar Municipality of Nepal

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月12日

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  • Belpatra Nath Yogi,
  • Bhimsen Devkota

摘要

The early years of life are vital for children’s developmental outcomes. This cross-sectional study determined the factors associated with the developmental status of preschool children in the Birendranagar municipality of Nepal through the lens of the bioecological model. A standardized checklist with 69 test items was used to assess the gross motor, fine motor, cognitive, and socio-emotional skills of 280 preschool children. Their family and preschool characteristics were explored through interviews with 280 parents and 32 teachers. The composite measure of gross motor (41.4%), socio-emotional (37.9%), fine motor (12.1%), and cognitive (3.6%) delays in children indicated a 61.4% delay in one or more domains. The multilevel logistic regression models based on the significantly associated factors on the children’s process, person and context levels (p < .05) revealed their dietary preference (aOR = 3.101, 95% CI = 1.026–9.366), parent-child engagement (aOR = 4.260, 95% CI = 2.162–8.391), caste/ethnicity (aOR = 0.213, 95% CI = 0.050–0.918), and availability of school canteen (aOR = 3.651, 95% CI = 1.520–8.771) as significant predictors of child development. Children’s dietary preferences and provisions largely influenced their developmental outcomes; in contrast, parent-child engagement in stimulating activities emerged as the most potent factor, showing significant effects across all four models. The findings suggest that parents’ regular meetings and stimulation, and the provision of healthy diets to their children can help prevent children’s developmental problems.