Testing a Road Mortality Risk Model to Prioritize and Design Turtle Eco-passages at Wetland-road Crossings in New Hampshire, USA
摘要
Intersections of roads and wildlife movement pathways can lead to wildlife road mortality, resulting in population-level impacts. Wetland-road crossings are vulnerable locations for freshwater turtles that conduct inter- and intra-wetland movements during their active period to mate, forage, and nest. Identifying turtle road mortality hot spots may enable managers to implement mitigation efforts, such as locating and designing eco-passages. We assessed a rubric that predicts turtle road mortality risk by observing eighteen wetland-road crossing sites classified and ranked by the rubric. For eleven weeks during the turtles’ active period (May-July), we surveyed sites for road mortality and used cameras to observe movements across the road of four species: Blanding’s turtles (Emydoidea blandingii), spotted turtles (Clemmys gutta), snapping turtles (Chelydra serpentina), and eastern painted turtles (Chrysemys picta). Using negative binomial regressions, we demonstrate that the rubric identifies sites with higher rates of turtle road mortality (p < 0.01) and that road accessibility is a significant factor in turtle road mortality rates (p = 0.02). Fewer turtles were observed on the road above wetland-road crossing structures (i.e., culverts) with larger openness ratios (p = 0.06). These findings may inform the design of road mortality mitigation structures, such as eco-passages, fencing, guide walls, and driver-awareness mechanisms. We also provide a conceptual engineering design to demonstrate how to reduce road accessibility and expand openness ratios to mitigate turtle mortality in a case study of one of our highest-risk sites.