Wetlands in Transition: Understanding the Changes for Sustainable Conservation Practices Over the Indian Subcontinent
摘要
Wetlands are vital for sustaining biodiversity and offering indispensable ecosystem services. Understanding the dynamics of land use and land cover changes in the internationally recognised wetlands is essential for effective conservation and sustainable management. The focus of the present research is specifically aimed at wetlands in the Indian region, including the Tsomgo-bedang complex, Baghel taal, Sareri bandh, Lingambudhi, and Kanewal lake, and also highlights their global importance. The findings provided a comprehensive understanding of land-use and land-cover changes over a span of three decades (1992-2022). Notable transformations had taken place in the studied wetlands, such as a considerable decline in forest cover (i.e., 37% ) within the Tsomgo-bedang complex and a 75% decrease in water bodies within the Sareri bandh wetland. Urban expansion had been evident across all the wetlands, with the most significant growth recorded at Lingambudhi Lake, which experienced a drastic increase of 567%. Furthermore, agricultural activities increased by 38% in and around the Baghel taal wetland, leaving a considerable impact on the overall condition of the wetland. These changes quantified the variations in water extent, algal growth, and turbidity through the application of specialised indices, including Modified Normalized Difference Water Index (MNDWI), Normalized Difference Algal Index (NDAI), and Normalized Difference Turbidity Index (NDTI). This study facilitated the identification of areas that required attention, guided conservation initiatives, and shaped sustainable wetland management policies. It emphasised the importance of continuous monitoring and regular assessments to preserve the ecological integrity of these vital habitats.