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<p>The protection and sustainable management of water resources are essential to safeguarding aquatic ecosystems and biodiversity against threats such as climate change and human activities. The Anzali Wetland, an internationally significant habitat for birds and fish, is particularly vulnerable to water quantity and quality fluctuations. This study determines the environmental water requirements of the Anzali Wetland through a holistic approach that simultaneously considers both water quantity and quality. To evaluate water quality, an enhanced Trophic State Index (TSI) was employed, incorporating total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and chlorophyll-a concentrations. A regression model was then developed to estimate the required water volume based on TSI values. Comparing the wetland’s quantitative water requirements with the qualitative model revealed that maintaining water quality at the threshold of eutrophication requires a water volume of 215 million cubic meters (MCM). This value closely aligns with the optimal water requirement (218 MCM) determined from the wetland’s quantitative assessment. Accounting for uncertainties, the required volume increases to 235 MCM to prevent ecosystem degradation. While the quantitative approach identifies 167 MCM as the minimum survival threshold, the qualitative model suggests that at this volume, the wetland risks entering a hypertrophic state, leading to irreversible ecological decline. By integrating water quality considerations into environmental water requirement assessments, this study advances a comprehensive management framework for the sustainable conservation of Anzali Wetland and similar sensitive ecosystems.</p>

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Development of a Quantitative–Qualitative Model for Determining the Environmental Water Requirement of Wetlands

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年10月30日

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  • Morteza Karimi,
  • Alireza Shokoohi

摘要

The protection and sustainable management of water resources are essential to safeguarding aquatic ecosystems and biodiversity against threats such as climate change and human activities. The Anzali Wetland, an internationally significant habitat for birds and fish, is particularly vulnerable to water quantity and quality fluctuations. This study determines the environmental water requirements of the Anzali Wetland through a holistic approach that simultaneously considers both water quantity and quality. To evaluate water quality, an enhanced Trophic State Index (TSI) was employed, incorporating total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and chlorophyll-a concentrations. A regression model was then developed to estimate the required water volume based on TSI values. Comparing the wetland’s quantitative water requirements with the qualitative model revealed that maintaining water quality at the threshold of eutrophication requires a water volume of 215 million cubic meters (MCM). This value closely aligns with the optimal water requirement (218 MCM) determined from the wetland’s quantitative assessment. Accounting for uncertainties, the required volume increases to 235 MCM to prevent ecosystem degradation. While the quantitative approach identifies 167 MCM as the minimum survival threshold, the qualitative model suggests that at this volume, the wetland risks entering a hypertrophic state, leading to irreversible ecological decline. By integrating water quality considerations into environmental water requirement assessments, this study advances a comprehensive management framework for the sustainable conservation of Anzali Wetland and similar sensitive ecosystems.