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<p>Türkiye hosts a wide range of karst lakes developed within extensive soluble rock terrains; however, their spatial distribution and current hydrological conditions have not yet been comprehensively quantified at the national scale. This study provides a nationwide assessment of the spatial distribution, morphometric characteristics, and current hydrological status of karst lakes in Türkiye utilising Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and remote sensing (RS) techniques. Based on multi-temporal satellite imagery and topographic maps, 688 karst lakes were identified and classified into doline (69%), glaciokarstic (24%), and polje (7%) lake types. Mean surface areas were 0.021 km<sup>2</sup> for doline lakes, 0.017 km<sup>2</sup> for glaciokarstic lakes, and 29 km<sup>2</sup> for polje lakes, and the lake elevations span a broad altitudinal range from 23 to 3400&#xa0;m a.s.l., with mean elevations of 1345&#xa0;m for polje lakes, 1657&#xa0;m for doline lakes, and 2870&#xa0;m for glaciokarstic lakes. The 2020–2023 assessment indicates that 41% of the karst lakes have completely dried, with desiccation reaching 54% for polje lakes. Wet lakes generally occur under cooler, wetter climatic conditions than dry lakes, suggesting a strong hydroclimatic control on lake persistence, particularly in doline and glaciokarstic systems. In contrast, polje-lake desiccation is more strongly associated with long-term anthropogenic impacts, including drainage and water abstraction, than with climatic gradients alone. These findings document an accelerated loss of karst lake ecosystems in Türkiye and underline the need for integrated, climate-responsive strategies for groundwater and wetland management.</p>

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Spatial distribution, hydrological status of Karst Lakes in Türkiye

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月6日

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  • Murat Poyraz,
  • Muhammed Zeynel Öztürk

摘要

Türkiye hosts a wide range of karst lakes developed within extensive soluble rock terrains; however, their spatial distribution and current hydrological conditions have not yet been comprehensively quantified at the national scale. This study provides a nationwide assessment of the spatial distribution, morphometric characteristics, and current hydrological status of karst lakes in Türkiye utilising Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and remote sensing (RS) techniques. Based on multi-temporal satellite imagery and topographic maps, 688 karst lakes were identified and classified into doline (69%), glaciokarstic (24%), and polje (7%) lake types. Mean surface areas were 0.021 km2 for doline lakes, 0.017 km2 for glaciokarstic lakes, and 29 km2 for polje lakes, and the lake elevations span a broad altitudinal range from 23 to 3400 m a.s.l., with mean elevations of 1345 m for polje lakes, 1657 m for doline lakes, and 2870 m for glaciokarstic lakes. The 2020–2023 assessment indicates that 41% of the karst lakes have completely dried, with desiccation reaching 54% for polje lakes. Wet lakes generally occur under cooler, wetter climatic conditions than dry lakes, suggesting a strong hydroclimatic control on lake persistence, particularly in doline and glaciokarstic systems. In contrast, polje-lake desiccation is more strongly associated with long-term anthropogenic impacts, including drainage and water abstraction, than with climatic gradients alone. These findings document an accelerated loss of karst lake ecosystems in Türkiye and underline the need for integrated, climate-responsive strategies for groundwater and wetland management.