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<p>The Lumshiwal Formation, of Early Cretaceous age, was studied for its sedimentology, provenance, paleoclimate, tectonic setting, and economic significance using petrography, XRD, and geochemical analysis. It comprises ferruginous glauconitic sandstone and peloidal fossiliferous limestone. The formation’s lower contact with the Chichali Formation is conformable, whereas its upper contact with the Kawagarh Formation is disconformable. The sandstone is classified as subarkose, and its provenance is linked to the craton interior, as evidenced by QmFLt and QtFL ternary diagrams. The paleoclimate during deposition was sub-humid to humid, consistent with a passive continental margin setting of the northern Indian Plate. Sandstone detritus was derived from the Indian Shield, particularly the Nagar Parkar and Aravalli ranges. Geochemical indicators such as Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>–CaO–K<sub>2</sub>O diagrams suggest intense chemical weathering, whereas TiO<sub>2</sub> versus Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> plots indicate a mixed basalt–granite source terrain. Economically, the glauconitic clays are significant as potential potassium fertilizers. Additionally, the peloidal limestone contains phosphorite pellets. The Lumshiwal Formation sandstone, with porosity exceeding 10%, indicates potential as a hydrocarbon reservoir. The presence of berthierine and glauconite in shallow-marine sediments further supports deposition within a passive margin basin. This study highlights the geological and economic significance of the formation.</p>

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Geochemical and petrographic insights into the Lumshiwal Formation (NW Himalayas): implications for provenance, paleoclimate, and economic potential

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月4日

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  • Syed Nohman Gilani,
  • Muhammad Saleem Mughal,
  • Khawaja Umair Majeed,
  • Hammad Tariq Janjuhah,
  • Yongzhi Wang,
  • Muhammad Atif Bilal,
  • Ahmer Bilal,
  • Syed Wajee-Ul Hassan Gillani,
  • Muhammad Hafeez

摘要

The Lumshiwal Formation, of Early Cretaceous age, was studied for its sedimentology, provenance, paleoclimate, tectonic setting, and economic significance using petrography, XRD, and geochemical analysis. It comprises ferruginous glauconitic sandstone and peloidal fossiliferous limestone. The formation’s lower contact with the Chichali Formation is conformable, whereas its upper contact with the Kawagarh Formation is disconformable. The sandstone is classified as subarkose, and its provenance is linked to the craton interior, as evidenced by QmFLt and QtFL ternary diagrams. The paleoclimate during deposition was sub-humid to humid, consistent with a passive continental margin setting of the northern Indian Plate. Sandstone detritus was derived from the Indian Shield, particularly the Nagar Parkar and Aravalli ranges. Geochemical indicators such as Al2O3–CaO–K2O diagrams suggest intense chemical weathering, whereas TiO2 versus Al2O3 plots indicate a mixed basalt–granite source terrain. Economically, the glauconitic clays are significant as potential potassium fertilizers. Additionally, the peloidal limestone contains phosphorite pellets. The Lumshiwal Formation sandstone, with porosity exceeding 10%, indicates potential as a hydrocarbon reservoir. The presence of berthierine and glauconite in shallow-marine sediments further supports deposition within a passive margin basin. This study highlights the geological and economic significance of the formation.