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<p>The study assessed rare earth element (REE) pollution in Rawanduz River stream sediments in Iraq's Kurdistan Region. Twenty-seven stream sediment samples (&gt; 80 mesh) were analyzed using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry. Overall, REE concentrations were comparable to the Upper Continental Crust values, with light REE (LREE) dominating over middle and heavy REE, reflecting natural geological sources. Spatial patterns showed LREE enrichment with weak Eu and Ce anomalies in carbonate-dominated areas, while MREE enrichment and stronger anomalies occurred in zones possibly influenced by igneous and metamorphic lithologies, suggesting fractionation and sorting effects through weathering and hydrodynamic sorting. Geo-accumulation indices classified most sediments as unpolluted, with minor low-level enrichment in specific REE at certain districts. Factor analysis identified four main factors explaining 81.8% of the variance, attributing the majority of REE to geogenic sources, while one factor highlighted HREE behavior controlled by mineralogy and grain size rather than anthropogenic influence. These results emphasize the combined effect of lithology, sediment transport, and natural processes on REE distribution in the river sediments.</p>

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Pollution assessment indices of rare earth elements in stream sediments along the Rawanduz River, Kurdistan Region, Iraq

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月30日

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  • Hikmat S. Al-Jaleel,
  • Awaz K. Rasul,
  • Bayan H. Al-Jaleel,
  • Idrees N. Ahmed

摘要

The study assessed rare earth element (REE) pollution in Rawanduz River stream sediments in Iraq's Kurdistan Region. Twenty-seven stream sediment samples (> 80 mesh) were analyzed using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry. Overall, REE concentrations were comparable to the Upper Continental Crust values, with light REE (LREE) dominating over middle and heavy REE, reflecting natural geological sources. Spatial patterns showed LREE enrichment with weak Eu and Ce anomalies in carbonate-dominated areas, while MREE enrichment and stronger anomalies occurred in zones possibly influenced by igneous and metamorphic lithologies, suggesting fractionation and sorting effects through weathering and hydrodynamic sorting. Geo-accumulation indices classified most sediments as unpolluted, with minor low-level enrichment in specific REE at certain districts. Factor analysis identified four main factors explaining 81.8% of the variance, attributing the majority of REE to geogenic sources, while one factor highlighted HREE behavior controlled by mineralogy and grain size rather than anthropogenic influence. These results emphasize the combined effect of lithology, sediment transport, and natural processes on REE distribution in the river sediments.