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<p>This study investigates hydrochemical characteristics and evolution mechanisms of karst groundwater in the Xujiagou spring area (North China Plain) through hydrogeological surveys, hydrochemical analyses, and multimethod integration including Piper diagrams, Schoeller diagrams, the ionic ratio coefficient method, Saturation index analysis, and Positive Matrix Factorization Model (PMF). The study reveals a diversification of hydrochemical types, evolving from a predominantly HCO₃·Ca-Mg type to a more complex type where HCO₃·SO₄·Ca-Mg and HCO₃·Ca-Mg types coexist. A common feature across the area was a significant increase in SO₄²⁻ and Cl⁻ content. Quantitative analysis using the PMF model identified four influencing factors: hydrogeochemistry (F1), coal mining (F2), domestic sewage (F3), and atmospheric precipitation (F4). Temporal variations in the contribution rates of each source clearly reflect the dynamic variation between anthropogenic and natural processes. The impact of coal mining (F2) peaked during 1999–2010 (29.3%) and subsequently declined due to the closure of some local coal mines. The influence of domestic sewage (F3) continued to strengthen, as evidenced by the increasing halite saturation index with rising Cl⁻ concentrations, indicating enhanced anthropogenic input. The dominant hydrogeochemical processes (F1) shifted from early cation exchange and silicate weathering to carbonate dissolution and groundwater salinization around 2010, and further evolved toward dedolomitization after 2018. This transition aligns with changes in saturation indices, which reflect a shift from dissolution to precipitation of calcite and dolomite, revealing the complexity of water–rock interactions. In summary, the hydrochemical evolution of groundwater in the study area is jointly driven by natural hydrogeochemical background and human activities. This knowledge will serve as a scientific foundation for the prevention and control of groundwater contamination in the area, and for the rational development, utilization, and management of karst water resources.</p>

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Hydrochemical characteristics and evolutionary mechanism of karst groundwater in the Xujiagou spring area of North China plain

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月23日

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  • Yun Lin,
  • Xiao-ke Wang,
  • Ya-zun Wu

摘要

This study investigates hydrochemical characteristics and evolution mechanisms of karst groundwater in the Xujiagou spring area (North China Plain) through hydrogeological surveys, hydrochemical analyses, and multimethod integration including Piper diagrams, Schoeller diagrams, the ionic ratio coefficient method, Saturation index analysis, and Positive Matrix Factorization Model (PMF). The study reveals a diversification of hydrochemical types, evolving from a predominantly HCO₃·Ca-Mg type to a more complex type where HCO₃·SO₄·Ca-Mg and HCO₃·Ca-Mg types coexist. A common feature across the area was a significant increase in SO₄²⁻ and Cl⁻ content. Quantitative analysis using the PMF model identified four influencing factors: hydrogeochemistry (F1), coal mining (F2), domestic sewage (F3), and atmospheric precipitation (F4). Temporal variations in the contribution rates of each source clearly reflect the dynamic variation between anthropogenic and natural processes. The impact of coal mining (F2) peaked during 1999–2010 (29.3%) and subsequently declined due to the closure of some local coal mines. The influence of domestic sewage (F3) continued to strengthen, as evidenced by the increasing halite saturation index with rising Cl⁻ concentrations, indicating enhanced anthropogenic input. The dominant hydrogeochemical processes (F1) shifted from early cation exchange and silicate weathering to carbonate dissolution and groundwater salinization around 2010, and further evolved toward dedolomitization after 2018. This transition aligns with changes in saturation indices, which reflect a shift from dissolution to precipitation of calcite and dolomite, revealing the complexity of water–rock interactions. In summary, the hydrochemical evolution of groundwater in the study area is jointly driven by natural hydrogeochemical background and human activities. This knowledge will serve as a scientific foundation for the prevention and control of groundwater contamination in the area, and for the rational development, utilization, and management of karst water resources.