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<p>This study introduces the first anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS)-based deformation analysis of the Oligocene-Miocene Makran-Khojak Flysch Basin (MKFB) in Pakistan, aiming to evaluate the hypothesis that its magnetic fabrics document systematic vertical axis rotations (VARs) linked to the transpressional Chaman Fault System (CFS). We analyzed 21 sandstone samples from five locations. The magnetic fabric is mostly influenced by paramagnetic minerals, with the maximum mean susceptibility (Kµ) at GA (2.44E-04) and the lowest at NK (1.55E-04). The spatial distribution of the corrected anisotropy degree (Pj) and shape parameter (T) exhibits a prolate-oblate-prolate trend from southwest to northeast, signifying a change from constrictional to flattening strain. The AMS-derived VARs exhibit a complex pattern of clockwise (CW) rotations (up to + 19.41° in PD) and counter-clockwise (CCW) rotations (up to -65.25° in GA). These rotations align with regional paleomagnetic and geodetic data, affirming that they signify tectonic block rotations rather than local strain effects. The east-west trend of CW rotations is attributed to the subduction of the Arabian Plate, whereas the north-south trend of CCW rotations is influenced by the northwestward progression of the Indian Plate along the CFS. The findings of this study conclusively demonstrate that AMS fabrics in the MKFB capture the partitioned strain and vertical axis rotations of the CFS, establishing a novel kinematic framework for this intricate plate boundary.</p>

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Magnetic fabric analysis of the Makran–Khojak flysch belt (Pakistan) based on AMS data

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月8日

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  • Waseem Khan,
  • Ke Zhang,
  • Ziying Li,
  • Hao Liang,
  • Jiangtao Nie,
  • Jian Guo

摘要

This study introduces the first anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS)-based deformation analysis of the Oligocene-Miocene Makran-Khojak Flysch Basin (MKFB) in Pakistan, aiming to evaluate the hypothesis that its magnetic fabrics document systematic vertical axis rotations (VARs) linked to the transpressional Chaman Fault System (CFS). We analyzed 21 sandstone samples from five locations. The magnetic fabric is mostly influenced by paramagnetic minerals, with the maximum mean susceptibility (Kµ) at GA (2.44E-04) and the lowest at NK (1.55E-04). The spatial distribution of the corrected anisotropy degree (Pj) and shape parameter (T) exhibits a prolate-oblate-prolate trend from southwest to northeast, signifying a change from constrictional to flattening strain. The AMS-derived VARs exhibit a complex pattern of clockwise (CW) rotations (up to + 19.41° in PD) and counter-clockwise (CCW) rotations (up to -65.25° in GA). These rotations align with regional paleomagnetic and geodetic data, affirming that they signify tectonic block rotations rather than local strain effects. The east-west trend of CW rotations is attributed to the subduction of the Arabian Plate, whereas the north-south trend of CCW rotations is influenced by the northwestward progression of the Indian Plate along the CFS. The findings of this study conclusively demonstrate that AMS fabrics in the MKFB capture the partitioned strain and vertical axis rotations of the CFS, establishing a novel kinematic framework for this intricate plate boundary.