<p>Tunnel construction in karst environments presents complex engineering challenges due to the presence of soluble rocks, irregular cavities, and dynamic groundwater systems. These geological and hydrogeological factors can significantly affect excavation stability, water ingress, and long-term tunnel performance. Significant displacement, water seepage, and mud intrusion into the working environment, along with potential structural failure, are unfortunate incidents that may occur during the execution of projects near karsts. Therefore, constructing underground spaces, including tunnels, adjacent to karsts requires a sufficient and precise understanding of their behavior and effects. In this research, the issues and challenges faced during tunnel construction in such environments are addressed. Referring to methods to prevent the destructive effects of tunnel construction, the factors influencing the level of risk for tunnels in karst environments are examined. The results of these investigations indicate that the geology of the environment, the shape, size, and position of karst cavities, the depth of the tunnel, and the distance between soluble and insoluble areas significantly affect the stability of such tunnels. Specifically, reducing the tunnel depth, increasing the tunnel opening, the presence of groundwater levels, and the short distance between soluble and insoluble rock jeopardize the stability of the surrounding rock mass in the excavated environment and increase the likelihood of tunnel destruction. Mitigation measures, including grouting, drainage systems, diaphragm walls, reinforced support systems, and appropriate tunnel lining, are discussed to prevent instability and water-related hazards. The findings provide practical guidance for minimizing risk, improving design strategies, and enhancing the long-term durability of tunnels in complex karst terrains.</p>