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<p>The Baluti Formation comprises distinctive sedimentary sequences dating back to the Late Triassic period in northeastern Kurdistan, Iraq. Only one section has been studied, as the formation is only exposed in limited outcrops within the Sulaymaniyah–Halabja Governorates. This section is located in the Sirwan Valley, close to the Iraq–Iran border. The Baluti Formation is significant for evaluating the potential of Triassic source rocks and reconstructing the paleoenvironmental conditions along the northern margin of the Arabian Plate. The study employs Rock-Eval pyrolysis, X-ray fluorescence (XRF) geochemistry, and palynofacies analyses to assess the hydrocarbon generation potential and to reconstruct the paleoenvironment of the Baluti Formation. Results from Rock-Eval pyrolysis of samples reveal low TOC percentages and low HI values, pointing to type IV kerogen. The organic matter is limited, implying either insufficient development time or depleted potential. Geochemical analysis of 26 samples suggests that the original Baluti Formation underwent dolomitization characteristic of an evaporative sabkha environment. A strong positive correlation of Mg and Ca with elevated levels of the Mg/Ca ratio, Sr, and Na points to dolomite formation under hypersaline conditions. Additionally, periodic high concentrations of major oxides with silicate mineral affinity indicate that dolomitization took place in a shallow saltern setting, accompanied by an influx of detrital material. These findings imply that dolomitization occurred penecontemporaneously with early shallow burial or shortly thereafter. The palynomorph assemblage is predominantly composed of amorphous organic material and minute plant debris, suggesting deposition under low-oxygen conditions typical of a deltaic environment. The Baluti Formation in the studied section in accordance to hydrocarbon generation shows no potentiality due to very low TOC%, S1, and HI.</p>

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Integrated geochemical and palynofacies characterizations of the Late Triassic Baluti Formation in the Sirwan Valley, Halabja Governorate, Kurdistan Region, NE Iraq: implications for source rock potential and paleoenvironmental reconstruction

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年11月15日

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  • Asaad I. Mustafa,
  • Razawa H. R. Sarraj,
  • Sirwan H. Ahmed,
  • Ibrahim M. J. Mohialdeen

摘要

The Baluti Formation comprises distinctive sedimentary sequences dating back to the Late Triassic period in northeastern Kurdistan, Iraq. Only one section has been studied, as the formation is only exposed in limited outcrops within the Sulaymaniyah–Halabja Governorates. This section is located in the Sirwan Valley, close to the Iraq–Iran border. The Baluti Formation is significant for evaluating the potential of Triassic source rocks and reconstructing the paleoenvironmental conditions along the northern margin of the Arabian Plate. The study employs Rock-Eval pyrolysis, X-ray fluorescence (XRF) geochemistry, and palynofacies analyses to assess the hydrocarbon generation potential and to reconstruct the paleoenvironment of the Baluti Formation. Results from Rock-Eval pyrolysis of samples reveal low TOC percentages and low HI values, pointing to type IV kerogen. The organic matter is limited, implying either insufficient development time or depleted potential. Geochemical analysis of 26 samples suggests that the original Baluti Formation underwent dolomitization characteristic of an evaporative sabkha environment. A strong positive correlation of Mg and Ca with elevated levels of the Mg/Ca ratio, Sr, and Na points to dolomite formation under hypersaline conditions. Additionally, periodic high concentrations of major oxides with silicate mineral affinity indicate that dolomitization took place in a shallow saltern setting, accompanied by an influx of detrital material. These findings imply that dolomitization occurred penecontemporaneously with early shallow burial or shortly thereafter. The palynomorph assemblage is predominantly composed of amorphous organic material and minute plant debris, suggesting deposition under low-oxygen conditions typical of a deltaic environment. The Baluti Formation in the studied section in accordance to hydrocarbon generation shows no potentiality due to very low TOC%, S1, and HI.