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<p>Hydraulic Flow Units (HFUs) are among the concepts used for permeability estimations. A flow unit is a volume of reservoir rock that is vertically and laterally continuous and predictable, and geological and petrophysical characteristics affecting the fluid flow are fixed inside it and considerably differ from other rock volumes. Reservoir features are examined to determine the spatial distribution of petrophysical indicators, such as porosity, permeability, and saturation. Porosity-permeability relations can be used in the framework of HFUs to determine heterogeneous reservoir rocks. In this research, Flow Zone Indicator (FZI) (normal probability plot, histogram analysis), Modified Lorenz Plot (MLP), Sum Squares Errors (SSE), and cluster analysis (K-means) are used to determine HFUs. The available equations are used first to measure required parameters, and then MATLAB Software is used for clustering. In the K-means method, data are assigned to 1–10 clusters, the SSE of each cluster is then measured, and finally, the optimum number of FUs is achieved by plotting the chart of SEE for clusters. In this reservoir rock, 6 optimum HFUs were obtained. The results show that histogram analysis presents inherent limitations. It is problematic for this method to separate overlapping distributions, so it is not applied in many cases due to the difficulty of determining intermediate zones’ segregation. However, MLP is the simplest method used to determine the minimum number of flow units. The number of flow units equals 6 in two MLP and normal probability plot techniques. Although some differences exist between flow units’ determination in these two techniques, this is a normal case because these two techniques have two different methods for flow units’ determination. These methods measure permeability in the wells and estimate permeability in coreless walls. After determining the number of flow units of the reservoir, one can calculate new permeability in the well and then measure the permeability in the coreless wells.</p>

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Comparison of methods for determining the number of hydraulic flow units in a carbonate reservoir

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年10月13日

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  • Hakimeh Amanipoor

摘要

Hydraulic Flow Units (HFUs) are among the concepts used for permeability estimations. A flow unit is a volume of reservoir rock that is vertically and laterally continuous and predictable, and geological and petrophysical characteristics affecting the fluid flow are fixed inside it and considerably differ from other rock volumes. Reservoir features are examined to determine the spatial distribution of petrophysical indicators, such as porosity, permeability, and saturation. Porosity-permeability relations can be used in the framework of HFUs to determine heterogeneous reservoir rocks. In this research, Flow Zone Indicator (FZI) (normal probability plot, histogram analysis), Modified Lorenz Plot (MLP), Sum Squares Errors (SSE), and cluster analysis (K-means) are used to determine HFUs. The available equations are used first to measure required parameters, and then MATLAB Software is used for clustering. In the K-means method, data are assigned to 1–10 clusters, the SSE of each cluster is then measured, and finally, the optimum number of FUs is achieved by plotting the chart of SEE for clusters. In this reservoir rock, 6 optimum HFUs were obtained. The results show that histogram analysis presents inherent limitations. It is problematic for this method to separate overlapping distributions, so it is not applied in many cases due to the difficulty of determining intermediate zones’ segregation. However, MLP is the simplest method used to determine the minimum number of flow units. The number of flow units equals 6 in two MLP and normal probability plot techniques. Although some differences exist between flow units’ determination in these two techniques, this is a normal case because these two techniques have two different methods for flow units’ determination. These methods measure permeability in the wells and estimate permeability in coreless walls. After determining the number of flow units of the reservoir, one can calculate new permeability in the well and then measure the permeability in the coreless wells.