<p>This study compares analog and digital photogrammetric techniques for analyzing karst and pseudokarst landforms, focusing on the Gümüşdere Doline and Kartal Lake. Furthermore, it identifies and analyzes five additional structures in the Denizli Province, southwestern Türkiye: the Kelkaya Sinkhole, Gireniz Fairy Chimneys, Karkın Cirque, Kapız Canyon and Alacain Caves. Structure from Motion (SfM) photogrammetry using unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) was employed to generate high-resolution 3D models of these key landforms. The results obtained for the Gümüşdere Doline and Kartal Lake were compared with existing data derived from traditional mapping methods, including 1:25,000 scale maps, satellite imagery, handheld GPS measurements, and laser rangefinders. The UAV-SfM approach yielded significantly higher spatial resolution (down to 3.27&#xa0;cm/pixel) and improved accuracy, enabling the identification of previously undetected geomorphological features and more precise quantification of landform characteristics. The resulting digital models facilitated detailed volumetric calculations and slope analysis. The analysis of the Kelkaya Sinkhole demonstrated the efficacy of a hybrid approach, combining aerial and terrestrial imagery. Spatial relationships between natural karst features and historical human activity at the Alacain Caves were also elucidated, demonstrating the technique’s broader applicability. Finally, we identify a previously undocumented glacier cirque in southern Denizli, named the Karkın Cirque. This study highlights the transformative potential of digital photogrammetry, even without ground control points, in karst geomorphological research while acknowledging inherent limitations related to cost, specialized skills, and environmental constraints. The integration of these techniques promises new insights into understanding the evolution of karst landscapes and their interaction with human activities.</p>

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Analysis of karst and pseudokarst landforms in Denizli (SW Türkiye) using UAV-SfM photogrammetry: a comparative study with traditional methods at Gümüşdere Doline and Kartal Lake

  • Deniz ÖZGÜR,
  • Mehmet Oruç Baykara

摘要

This study compares analog and digital photogrammetric techniques for analyzing karst and pseudokarst landforms, focusing on the Gümüşdere Doline and Kartal Lake. Furthermore, it identifies and analyzes five additional structures in the Denizli Province, southwestern Türkiye: the Kelkaya Sinkhole, Gireniz Fairy Chimneys, Karkın Cirque, Kapız Canyon and Alacain Caves. Structure from Motion (SfM) photogrammetry using unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) was employed to generate high-resolution 3D models of these key landforms. The results obtained for the Gümüşdere Doline and Kartal Lake were compared with existing data derived from traditional mapping methods, including 1:25,000 scale maps, satellite imagery, handheld GPS measurements, and laser rangefinders. The UAV-SfM approach yielded significantly higher spatial resolution (down to 3.27 cm/pixel) and improved accuracy, enabling the identification of previously undetected geomorphological features and more precise quantification of landform characteristics. The resulting digital models facilitated detailed volumetric calculations and slope analysis. The analysis of the Kelkaya Sinkhole demonstrated the efficacy of a hybrid approach, combining aerial and terrestrial imagery. Spatial relationships between natural karst features and historical human activity at the Alacain Caves were also elucidated, demonstrating the technique’s broader applicability. Finally, we identify a previously undocumented glacier cirque in southern Denizli, named the Karkın Cirque. This study highlights the transformative potential of digital photogrammetry, even without ground control points, in karst geomorphological research while acknowledging inherent limitations related to cost, specialized skills, and environmental constraints. The integration of these techniques promises new insights into understanding the evolution of karst landscapes and their interaction with human activities.