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<p>The Dungan Formation containing larger benthic and planktic foraminifera in the limestone, shale, and marl, was selected for the analysis. A total of 106.4&#xa0;m succession with 90 samples was recorded from an outcrop at Zindapir, Suleiman Fold and Thrust Belt, Pakistan. The studied section is located in the northwestern part of the Indian Plate within Himalayas and is part of the eastern Tethys. Thin sections from limestone were made to analyze the biostratigraphic framework, and microfacies for the evolution of carbonate platform in a global warming trend. The Dungan Formation belongs to early Eocene (Ypresian), spanning over Shallow Benthic Zones 5 to 9 equivalent to the Orthophragmines Zones 2 to 4. An unconformity occurring at 38&#xa0;m above the lower contact of the section and is represented by the absence of the Shallow Benthic Zone 7. The Larger Foraminiferal Extinction and Origination event, confined to the eastern Tethys, is found in the Dungan Formation at the 37&#xa0;m interval coinciding with the biozonal boundary between Shallow Benthic Zones 5 and 6. The microfacies analysis reveals that the early Eocene carbonate ramp of the Dungan Formation evolved: from inner ramp, lagoon to open marine in pelagic, deposited in Stage-II (with <i>Miscellanea</i>, <i>Ranikothalia</i>, and <i>Operculina</i> in dominance), and Stage-III (to initial dominance of <i>Alveolina</i>, <i>Discocyclina</i>, and <i>Nummulites</i>) of carbonate platform in the Tethyan domain. The presence of red coralline algae suggests the occurrence of patch reefs on the carbonate ramp. The integration of biostratigraphical and sedimentological data indicate the potential zones of early Eocene hyperthermal events.</p>

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Biostratigraphy, Microfacies, and Palaeoenvironmental Dynamics of the Early Eocene Dungan Formation, Pakistan: implications for the Carbonate Ramp Evolution and Larger Foraminiferal Extinction and Origination Event (LFEO) during Global Warming

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年8月14日

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  • Muhammad Azhar Farooq Swati,
  • Muhammad Hanif

摘要

The Dungan Formation containing larger benthic and planktic foraminifera in the limestone, shale, and marl, was selected for the analysis. A total of 106.4 m succession with 90 samples was recorded from an outcrop at Zindapir, Suleiman Fold and Thrust Belt, Pakistan. The studied section is located in the northwestern part of the Indian Plate within Himalayas and is part of the eastern Tethys. Thin sections from limestone were made to analyze the biostratigraphic framework, and microfacies for the evolution of carbonate platform in a global warming trend. The Dungan Formation belongs to early Eocene (Ypresian), spanning over Shallow Benthic Zones 5 to 9 equivalent to the Orthophragmines Zones 2 to 4. An unconformity occurring at 38 m above the lower contact of the section and is represented by the absence of the Shallow Benthic Zone 7. The Larger Foraminiferal Extinction and Origination event, confined to the eastern Tethys, is found in the Dungan Formation at the 37 m interval coinciding with the biozonal boundary between Shallow Benthic Zones 5 and 6. The microfacies analysis reveals that the early Eocene carbonate ramp of the Dungan Formation evolved: from inner ramp, lagoon to open marine in pelagic, deposited in Stage-II (with Miscellanea, Ranikothalia, and Operculina in dominance), and Stage-III (to initial dominance of Alveolina, Discocyclina, and Nummulites) of carbonate platform in the Tethyan domain. The presence of red coralline algae suggests the occurrence of patch reefs on the carbonate ramp. The integration of biostratigraphical and sedimentological data indicate the potential zones of early Eocene hyperthermal events.