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<p>A total of 24 ditch-cutting samples from Early Jurassic Datta and Eocene Nammal formations were taken from the Potwar Plateau, Pakistan, to determine kerogen types, source rock possibility, and thermal maturity, and were analyzed by using total organic carbon (TOC%), Rock–Eval pyrolysis, and organic petrography, respectively. Analysis of the Datta Formation demonstrates TOC values spanning from 0.14 to 4.0%, indicating diverse organic richness, this is consistence with the production index (PI) reaching up to 0.84 and genetic potential (GP) up to 4.51&#xa0;mg HC/g rock that indicates poor to very good source rock potential. In contrast, TOC values for Nammal Formation of up to 3.73% are consistent with GP values of up to 5.2&#xa0;mg HC/g rock and a PI value of up to 0.82 which reveals greater potential for hydrocarbon generation. Hydrogen index (HI) versus oxygen index (OI) confirmed a predominance of Types II/III and III kerogen with minor Type IV in both formations and occasionally Type II in the Datta Formation. Maceral studies confirm the presence of vitrinite (Type III) and inertinite (Type IV) organic matter in the Datta Formation. Tmax-based thermal assessment shows that the Datta Formation exists at moderate maturity levels dominated by oil-producing conditions, while organic matter samples in the Nammal Formation show evidence of primarily immature. Basin models for the examined wells in the study area identified two unconformity stages in the studied region. The hydrocarbon generation phase for the Datta Formation occurred during the Jurassic period (160.5&#xa0;Ma), while the Nammal Formation reached its peak hydrocarbon generation during the Eocene (42.2&#xa0;Ma). Time plot models showed that the Datta Formation was sufficiently buried to promote oil expulsion during the Lower Cretaceous (119&#xa0;Ma). These models also vindicated that vitrinite reflectance (Easy%VRo) &gt; 0.5% and %TR more than 50%, and consequently the Datta Formation is established as the primary source rock of the hydrocarbons in the Potwar Plateau, Pakistan.</p>

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Hydrocarbon generation potential of the lower Jurassic-Eocene intervals in the Potwar Plateau, Pakistan: insights from organic geochemical, 1D basin modeling and petrographic analysis

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年5月25日

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  • Masood Shah,
  • Syed Mamoon Siyar,
  • Abbas F. Gharib,
  • Iman M. Anwer,
  • Muhammad Irfan,
  • Mohammad Salman Shamim,
  • Nasar Khan,
  • Taqweem Ul. Haq,
  • Yasir Hamid,
  • Kamran Shams

摘要

A total of 24 ditch-cutting samples from Early Jurassic Datta and Eocene Nammal formations were taken from the Potwar Plateau, Pakistan, to determine kerogen types, source rock possibility, and thermal maturity, and were analyzed by using total organic carbon (TOC%), Rock–Eval pyrolysis, and organic petrography, respectively. Analysis of the Datta Formation demonstrates TOC values spanning from 0.14 to 4.0%, indicating diverse organic richness, this is consistence with the production index (PI) reaching up to 0.84 and genetic potential (GP) up to 4.51 mg HC/g rock that indicates poor to very good source rock potential. In contrast, TOC values for Nammal Formation of up to 3.73% are consistent with GP values of up to 5.2 mg HC/g rock and a PI value of up to 0.82 which reveals greater potential for hydrocarbon generation. Hydrogen index (HI) versus oxygen index (OI) confirmed a predominance of Types II/III and III kerogen with minor Type IV in both formations and occasionally Type II in the Datta Formation. Maceral studies confirm the presence of vitrinite (Type III) and inertinite (Type IV) organic matter in the Datta Formation. Tmax-based thermal assessment shows that the Datta Formation exists at moderate maturity levels dominated by oil-producing conditions, while organic matter samples in the Nammal Formation show evidence of primarily immature. Basin models for the examined wells in the study area identified two unconformity stages in the studied region. The hydrocarbon generation phase for the Datta Formation occurred during the Jurassic period (160.5 Ma), while the Nammal Formation reached its peak hydrocarbon generation during the Eocene (42.2 Ma). Time plot models showed that the Datta Formation was sufficiently buried to promote oil expulsion during the Lower Cretaceous (119 Ma). These models also vindicated that vitrinite reflectance (Easy%VRo) > 0.5% and %TR more than 50%, and consequently the Datta Formation is established as the primary source rock of the hydrocarbons in the Potwar Plateau, Pakistan.