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<p>The Hangu Formation in the Manzalai gas field (MGF), Kohat Basin, Pakistan, carries momentous hydrocarbon potential, yet its reservoir characteristics remain underexplored. This study incorporates advanced petrophysical and soft computing techniques including&#xa0;self-organizing maps (SOMs), cluster analysis, and M/N cross-plots to assess reservoir rock types (RRT), lithofacies, and spatial heterogeneity utilizing geophysical logs from three wells. Results exhibit that the Hangu Formation encompasses&#xa0;quartz-rich sandstone&#xa0;interbedded with minor shale, revealing&#xa0;low shale volume (Vsh: 17–25%), favorable porosity (5–8%), permeability (0.5–12 mD), and high gas saturation (52–62%). SOM-based electrofacies classification recognized three lithotypes:&#xa0;sandstone (dominant), shaly sand, and shale, while cluster analysis designated four reservoir rock types, with&#xa0;facies 1 and 2&#xa0;showing excellent reservoir quality. The&#xa0;Thomas Stieber model&#xa0;inveterate dispersed and laminated shale distributions.&#xa0;Pickett plot analysis&#xa0;appraised low water saturation (Sw: 38–48%), further authenticated by irreducible water saturation thresholds from Buckles plots. Pearson’s correlation investigation exhibited strong positive and negative relationships between log parameters, such as a perfect negative correlation (r = −&#xa0;1.00) between porosity and bulk density, which improves the consistency of reservoir predictions. Spatial maps highlight&#xa0;NE-trending zones&#xa0;with higher reservoir properties, particularly in&#xa0;Manzalai-04, where an 8% porosity and 12 mD permeability are associated with 62% gas saturation. These petrophysical outcomes align with the geological model, where the quartz-rich sandstone and little shale content imitate a high-energy fluvial/deltaic depositional environment, contributing to the reservoir’s quality and categorization.This study emphasizes the Hangu Formation’s robust gas potential, providing a&#xa0;data-driven basis&#xa0;for future exploration and enhanced production in the Kohat Basin.</p>

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Integrating geophysical logs for reservoir assessment of paleocene reservoir, Manzalai gas field, Kohat Basin, Pakistan

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年5月6日

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  • Sartaj Hussain,
  • Lan Cui,
  • Wakeel Hussain,
  • Nafees Ali,
  • Yuan Gao

摘要

The Hangu Formation in the Manzalai gas field (MGF), Kohat Basin, Pakistan, carries momentous hydrocarbon potential, yet its reservoir characteristics remain underexplored. This study incorporates advanced petrophysical and soft computing techniques including self-organizing maps (SOMs), cluster analysis, and M/N cross-plots to assess reservoir rock types (RRT), lithofacies, and spatial heterogeneity utilizing geophysical logs from three wells. Results exhibit that the Hangu Formation encompasses quartz-rich sandstone interbedded with minor shale, revealing low shale volume (Vsh: 17–25%), favorable porosity (5–8%), permeability (0.5–12 mD), and high gas saturation (52–62%). SOM-based electrofacies classification recognized three lithotypes: sandstone (dominant), shaly sand, and shale, while cluster analysis designated four reservoir rock types, with facies 1 and 2 showing excellent reservoir quality. The Thomas Stieber model inveterate dispersed and laminated shale distributions. Pickett plot analysis appraised low water saturation (Sw: 38–48%), further authenticated by irreducible water saturation thresholds from Buckles plots. Pearson’s correlation investigation exhibited strong positive and negative relationships between log parameters, such as a perfect negative correlation (r = − 1.00) between porosity and bulk density, which improves the consistency of reservoir predictions. Spatial maps highlight NE-trending zones with higher reservoir properties, particularly in Manzalai-04, where an 8% porosity and 12 mD permeability are associated with 62% gas saturation. These petrophysical outcomes align with the geological model, where the quartz-rich sandstone and little shale content imitate a high-energy fluvial/deltaic depositional environment, contributing to the reservoir’s quality and categorization.This study emphasizes the Hangu Formation’s robust gas potential, providing a data-driven basis for future exploration and enhanced production in the Kohat Basin.