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<p>The increasing frequency of spring sandstorms in northern China in recent years has underscored the urgent need to investigate the characteristics of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in sandstorm particles to assess their potential health risks. This study examined PTEs (Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Sb, Zn, As, Se) in sandstorm-associated PM<sub>2.5</sub> (D-PM<sub>2.5</sub>), comparing them with those in haze PM<sub>2.5</sub> (H-PM<sub>2.5</sub>) and severe haze PM<sub>2.5</sub> (SH-PM<sub>2.5</sub>). Bioaccessibility and health risks of PTEs were systematically evaluated. The Hybrid Single Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory Model (HYSPLIT) was utilized to trace the transport pathways of PM<sub>2.5</sub>. Results showed that Zn, Cu, Pb, As, Sb, and Cr in D-PM<sub>2.5</sub> were 3–10 times higher than those in H-PM<sub>2.5</sub> but 2–20 times lower than in SH-PM<sub>2.5</sub>. Notably, As and Cr exhibited significant enrichment in D-PM<sub>2.5</sub>, primarily originating from Mongolia, Inner Mongolia, and Shanxi Province through long-range transport. In contrast, Se was highly enriched in H-PM<sub>2.5</sub> and mainly from local emissions. The distributions of PTEs in bioaccessible fraction were significantly lower (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05) but in residual fraction were significantly higher (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05) in D-PM<sub>2.5</sub> compare to H-PM<sub>2.5</sub> excluding Se, Pb, and Cd. As posed the highest toxicity in H-PM<sub>2.5</sub> for both non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks, whereas Cr was the most toxic element in D-PM<sub>2.5</sub> for carcinogenic risk. The inhalation-based health risks of PTEs in D-PM<sub>2.5</sub> were lower than these in SH-PM<sub>2.5</sub> but higher than these in H-PM<sub>2.5</sub>, indicating that D-PM<sub>2.5</sub> warrants health concern.</p>

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Comprehensive Comparison on Potentially Toxic Elements Between Sandstorm PM2.5 and Haze PM2.5

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月14日

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  • Jiaojiao Xie,
  • Yixian Long,
  • Songyao Liu,
  • Yiran Fu,
  • Chun-Gang Yuan,
  • Mingyu Li,
  • Shuang Deng

摘要

The increasing frequency of spring sandstorms in northern China in recent years has underscored the urgent need to investigate the characteristics of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in sandstorm particles to assess their potential health risks. This study examined PTEs (Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Sb, Zn, As, Se) in sandstorm-associated PM2.5 (D-PM2.5), comparing them with those in haze PM2.5 (H-PM2.5) and severe haze PM2.5 (SH-PM2.5). Bioaccessibility and health risks of PTEs were systematically evaluated. The Hybrid Single Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory Model (HYSPLIT) was utilized to trace the transport pathways of PM2.5. Results showed that Zn, Cu, Pb, As, Sb, and Cr in D-PM2.5 were 3–10 times higher than those in H-PM2.5 but 2–20 times lower than in SH-PM2.5. Notably, As and Cr exhibited significant enrichment in D-PM2.5, primarily originating from Mongolia, Inner Mongolia, and Shanxi Province through long-range transport. In contrast, Se was highly enriched in H-PM2.5 and mainly from local emissions. The distributions of PTEs in bioaccessible fraction were significantly lower (p < 0.05) but in residual fraction were significantly higher (p < 0.05) in D-PM2.5 compare to H-PM2.5 excluding Se, Pb, and Cd. As posed the highest toxicity in H-PM2.5 for both non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks, whereas Cr was the most toxic element in D-PM2.5 for carcinogenic risk. The inhalation-based health risks of PTEs in D-PM2.5 were lower than these in SH-PM2.5 but higher than these in H-PM2.5, indicating that D-PM2.5 warrants health concern.