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<p>In this study, a new double-moment warm rain Goddard 4ICE scheme (GCEDM) is developed based on the Goddard 4ICE single-moment (GCESM) scheme and then tested using idealized 2D squall line and 3D supercell simulations. The addition of the total number concentrations for cloud water (<InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\:{N}_{TC}\)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation>) and rainwater (<InlineEquation ID="IEq2"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\:{N}_{TR}\)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation>) enables this new scheme to simulate more diverse raindrop size distributions, making it more realistic. GCEDM has similar overall thermal and dynamic characteristics to GCESM but produces higher evaporation rates, predicted particle number concentrations, and mass mixing ratios than GCESM, leading to stronger cold pools than with GCESM. In addition, comparisons are made versus the Weather Research and Forecasting Model Double-Moment Microphysics 7-class scheme (WDM7), which was also improved from a single-moment 4-class ice scheme to a double-moment warm-rain scheme. WDM7 also shows a stronger cold pool, but the system characteristics and microphysical processes are quite different from the single-moment version of this scheme.</p>

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Introducing Double-Moment Warm Rain Physics into the Goddard 4ICE Microphysics Scheme

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月16日

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  • Kao-Shen Chung,
  • Yu-Jyun Liou,
  • Cheng-Rong You,
  • Zhao-Cheng Zeng,
  • Pay-Liam Lin,
  • Donghai Wang,
  • Wei-Kuo Tao,
  • Stephen Lang,
  • Takamichi Iguchi,
  • Adrian Loftus,
  • Jiun-Dar Chern

摘要

In this study, a new double-moment warm rain Goddard 4ICE scheme (GCEDM) is developed based on the Goddard 4ICE single-moment (GCESM) scheme and then tested using idealized 2D squall line and 3D supercell simulations. The addition of the total number concentrations for cloud water ( \(\:{N}_{TC}\) ) and rainwater ( \(\:{N}_{TR}\) ) enables this new scheme to simulate more diverse raindrop size distributions, making it more realistic. GCEDM has similar overall thermal and dynamic characteristics to GCESM but produces higher evaporation rates, predicted particle number concentrations, and mass mixing ratios than GCESM, leading to stronger cold pools than with GCESM. In addition, comparisons are made versus the Weather Research and Forecasting Model Double-Moment Microphysics 7-class scheme (WDM7), which was also improved from a single-moment 4-class ice scheme to a double-moment warm-rain scheme. WDM7 also shows a stronger cold pool, but the system characteristics and microphysical processes are quite different from the single-moment version of this scheme.