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Purpose <p>Hybrid imaging platforms integrating multiple modalities provide synergistic advantages by combining anatomical, functional, and molecular information. The aim of this study was to develop and evaluate a theranostic nanoprobe based on gadolinium-doped cadmium selenide quantum dots (Gd-CdSe QDs) modified with thioglycolic acid (TGA) and radiolabeled with <sup>177</sup>Lu for potential biomedical applications.</p> Methods <p>Gd-CdSe QDs were synthesized via a three-step aqueous-phase method and subsequently characterized for their structural and optical properties. The QDs were surface-modified with TGA and radiolabeled with <sup>177</sup>Lu under mild, chelator-free conditions. Physicochemical characterization included particle size, fluorescence properties, and quantum yield. Cytotoxicity was evaluated in vitro, while biodistribution and imaging performance were studied in both normal and tumor-bearing mice using fluorescence imaging (FLI), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT).</p> Results <p>The Gd-CdSe QDs exhibited a narrow size distribution (~ 3.5&#xa0;nm), strong fluorescence emission (λ<sub>em</sub> ≈ 610&#xa0;nm), high photostability, and a quantum yield (QY) of ~ 50%. Radiolabeling with <sup>177</sup>Lu achieved &gt; 99% radiochemical purity (RCP) without the need for chelators. Cytotoxicity assays indicated acceptable biocompatibility at low concentrations with dose-dependent effects. In vivo biodistribution revealed predominant hepatic uptake and notable tumor accumulation, attributed to retention effects. MRI and SPECT imaging confirmed dual-modality tumor visualization and accumulation of the nanoprobe at tumor sites.</p> Conclusion <p>The TGA-modified Gd-CdSe QDs radiolabeled with <sup>177</sup>Lu demonstrated favorable physicochemical properties, biocompatibility, and multimodal imaging capabilities. This multifunctional trimodal platform (FLI/MRI/SPECT) with potential for therapy shows strong potential for preclinical applications in cancer diagnosis and image-guided therapy development.</p>

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Development of Theranostic Nanoprobes Based on Gd-Doped CdSe QDs Radiolabeled with 177Lu

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月22日

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  • Arezou Karimian,
  • Asghar Hadadi,
  • Samaneh Zolghadri,
  • Shahzad Feizi,
  • Hassan Yousefnia

摘要

Purpose

Hybrid imaging platforms integrating multiple modalities provide synergistic advantages by combining anatomical, functional, and molecular information. The aim of this study was to develop and evaluate a theranostic nanoprobe based on gadolinium-doped cadmium selenide quantum dots (Gd-CdSe QDs) modified with thioglycolic acid (TGA) and radiolabeled with 177Lu for potential biomedical applications.

Methods

Gd-CdSe QDs were synthesized via a three-step aqueous-phase method and subsequently characterized for their structural and optical properties. The QDs were surface-modified with TGA and radiolabeled with 177Lu under mild, chelator-free conditions. Physicochemical characterization included particle size, fluorescence properties, and quantum yield. Cytotoxicity was evaluated in vitro, while biodistribution and imaging performance were studied in both normal and tumor-bearing mice using fluorescence imaging (FLI), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT).

Results

The Gd-CdSe QDs exhibited a narrow size distribution (~ 3.5 nm), strong fluorescence emission (λem ≈ 610 nm), high photostability, and a quantum yield (QY) of ~ 50%. Radiolabeling with 177Lu achieved > 99% radiochemical purity (RCP) without the need for chelators. Cytotoxicity assays indicated acceptable biocompatibility at low concentrations with dose-dependent effects. In vivo biodistribution revealed predominant hepatic uptake and notable tumor accumulation, attributed to retention effects. MRI and SPECT imaging confirmed dual-modality tumor visualization and accumulation of the nanoprobe at tumor sites.

Conclusion

The TGA-modified Gd-CdSe QDs radiolabeled with 177Lu demonstrated favorable physicochemical properties, biocompatibility, and multimodal imaging capabilities. This multifunctional trimodal platform (FLI/MRI/SPECT) with potential for therapy shows strong potential for preclinical applications in cancer diagnosis and image-guided therapy development.