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<p>Smallholder farmers are vital to global food security, yet high transaction costs hinder their market participation and limit income potential. This paper examines the transformative role of blockchain, internet of things (IoT), and artificial intelligence (AI) in reducing transaction costs and enhancing market access for smallholder cash crop farmers in developing nations. Using a systematic literature review guided by PRISMA methodology, insights from 34 studies highlight how these technologies address critical transaction cost components: search, negotiation, monitoring, and enforcement. Findings indicate that blockchain fosters transparency and trust through smart contracts and traceability systems, IoT enables real-time monitoring, and AI enhances predictive analytics for informed decision-making. However, infrastructural deficits, financial challenges, regulatory gaps, and low digital literacy constrain the adoption of these technologies in developing nations. To enhance adoption, interventions such as affordable technology development, capacity building, infrastructure investment, and inclusive policies are critical to overcoming these barriers. By aligning digital innovations with smallholders’ realities, this paper presents an integrated framework to reduce transaction costs, foster resilience, and enhance market participation in cash crop agriculture. The findings point out the importance of collaborative stakeholder efforts to bridge the digital divide and fully harness the potential of blockchain, IoT, and AI in transforming agriculture.</p>

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Leveraging Blockchain, IoT, and AI to Reduce Transaction Costs: Implications for Cash Crop Smallholders Market Access in Developing Nations

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年11月18日

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  • Finias Dogeje

摘要

Smallholder farmers are vital to global food security, yet high transaction costs hinder their market participation and limit income potential. This paper examines the transformative role of blockchain, internet of things (IoT), and artificial intelligence (AI) in reducing transaction costs and enhancing market access for smallholder cash crop farmers in developing nations. Using a systematic literature review guided by PRISMA methodology, insights from 34 studies highlight how these technologies address critical transaction cost components: search, negotiation, monitoring, and enforcement. Findings indicate that blockchain fosters transparency and trust through smart contracts and traceability systems, IoT enables real-time monitoring, and AI enhances predictive analytics for informed decision-making. However, infrastructural deficits, financial challenges, regulatory gaps, and low digital literacy constrain the adoption of these technologies in developing nations. To enhance adoption, interventions such as affordable technology development, capacity building, infrastructure investment, and inclusive policies are critical to overcoming these barriers. By aligning digital innovations with smallholders’ realities, this paper presents an integrated framework to reduce transaction costs, foster resilience, and enhance market participation in cash crop agriculture. The findings point out the importance of collaborative stakeholder efforts to bridge the digital divide and fully harness the potential of blockchain, IoT, and AI in transforming agriculture.