<p>China’s digital economy is developing rapidly, and the digital transformation of agriculture is comprehensively advancing. From the perspective of knowledge economy theory, this study focuses on the coupling and coordination relationship between the digital economy and the high-quality development of rural industries, aiming to solve the urgent problem of high-quality coordinated development between the two. By constructing two subsystems of digital economy and high-quality development of rural industries, and by using methods such as entropy method, coupling coordination model, and VAR model, empirical research is conducted on 17 specific indicator data covered by the digital economy and high-quality development of rural industries from 2003 to 2022. The results indicate that (1) the high-quality development of the digital economy and rural industries has reached a primary level of integration, but the high-quality development of rural industries lags behind the digital economy. (2) In terms of influencing factors, starting from the theory of knowledge economy, the upgrading of industrial structure has the highest contribution rate to the coupling and coordination of digital economy and high-quality development of rural industries, followed by industrial digitization, urban–rural income gap, and differences in technological innovation and expectations. Considering the different levels of rural industrial structure development, corresponding countermeasures and suggestions are proposed from the aspects of industrial structure upgrading and digitization, technological innovation, and narrowing the urban–rural income gap, to promote the high-quality development of the digital economy and rural industries. The research results can provide a basis and reference for the government to formulate relevant agricultural development policies, and provide a reference basis for relevant agricultural economic entities and enterprises.</p>