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<p>Ocean surface albedo (OSA) is a fundamental parameter governing air-sea heat exchange and the Earth’s radiative balance. However, the high variability of OSA under diverse environmental conditions poses a significant challenge to its accurate representation in numerical models. This study aims to rigorously evaluate and validate a recently developed all-sky, broadband parameterization scheme for ocean surface albedo—driven by solar zenith angle and atmospheric transmittance and constructed using the four empirical coefficients <i>A</i>, <i>B, C</i>, and <i>p</i>—with a primary focus on its accuracy, generalizability, and environmental sensitivity. The model employs two physical predictors—solar zenith angle and atmospheric transmittance—to achieve a seamless transition between clear-sky and overcast conditions within a unified physical framework. Validation against high-frequency <i>in situ</i> observations from a fixed platform in the northern South China Sea, as well as historical datasets from the North Atlantic and central Pacific, confirms the scheme’s high performance and broad applicability, with correlation coefficients consistently above 0.75 and low root-mean-square errors across these diverse oceanic regions. Crucially, comparative analysis reveals that the proposed scheme exhibits superior generalizability compared to both classical single-variable models and recent data-driven empirical schemes, particularly under complex open-ocean conditions. Furthermore, a diagnostic analysis of the model residuals is conducted to quantify the systematic influences of key environmental factors, including sea state and atmospheric water vapor, on the albedo. This analysis reveals that significant wave height provides a more robust description of sea surface roughness than wind speed, and that near-surface water vapor pressure is negatively correlated with the albedo residuals. Based on this finding, a first-order sea-state correction term is explicitly proposed, offering a physically consistent pathway to further reduce systematic biases under rough sea conditions.</p>

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A physically based all-sky ocean surface albedo parameterization: improvement and validation driven by solar zenith angle and atmospheric transmittance

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月28日

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  • Zijian Zhang,
  • Hanwen Ling,
  • Zhiyong Jiao

摘要

Ocean surface albedo (OSA) is a fundamental parameter governing air-sea heat exchange and the Earth’s radiative balance. However, the high variability of OSA under diverse environmental conditions poses a significant challenge to its accurate representation in numerical models. This study aims to rigorously evaluate and validate a recently developed all-sky, broadband parameterization scheme for ocean surface albedo—driven by solar zenith angle and atmospheric transmittance and constructed using the four empirical coefficients A, B, C, and p—with a primary focus on its accuracy, generalizability, and environmental sensitivity. The model employs two physical predictors—solar zenith angle and atmospheric transmittance—to achieve a seamless transition between clear-sky and overcast conditions within a unified physical framework. Validation against high-frequency in situ observations from a fixed platform in the northern South China Sea, as well as historical datasets from the North Atlantic and central Pacific, confirms the scheme’s high performance and broad applicability, with correlation coefficients consistently above 0.75 and low root-mean-square errors across these diverse oceanic regions. Crucially, comparative analysis reveals that the proposed scheme exhibits superior generalizability compared to both classical single-variable models and recent data-driven empirical schemes, particularly under complex open-ocean conditions. Furthermore, a diagnostic analysis of the model residuals is conducted to quantify the systematic influences of key environmental factors, including sea state and atmospheric water vapor, on the albedo. This analysis reveals that significant wave height provides a more robust description of sea surface roughness than wind speed, and that near-surface water vapor pressure is negatively correlated with the albedo residuals. Based on this finding, a first-order sea-state correction term is explicitly proposed, offering a physically consistent pathway to further reduce systematic biases under rough sea conditions.