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<p>Significant changes in sea surface temperature (SST) under global warming have profoundly affected marine biodiversity and ecosystem stability. However, most existing studies on SST and its extreme characteristics have focused on the open oceans, with limited attention to coastal regions. As critical interfaces for fisheries, aquaculture, and diverse socio-economic activities, coastal waters are particularly vulnerable to extreme SST variations. Based on long-term <i>in situ</i> observations from marine stations, this study investigates the spatiotemporal characteristics of mean SST and SST extremes along China coast from 1960 to 2023, with emphasis on long-term trends, seasonal variations, and regional disparities. Results show that coastal mean SST has increased significantly at a rate of 0.27°C/(10 a), exceeding the global ocean average. Spatially, higher SST warming rates were observed in the coastal waters of the Bohai Sea, the Yellow Sea, and the vicinity of the Changjiang River Estuary, whereas relatively lower rates were recorded along the South China Sea coast. Significant seasonal heterogeneity is identified, with stronger warming in autumn and winter than in summer, although summer warming has accelerated in recent decades. Extreme SST events also exhibit substantial long-term changes. The total days of marine heatwaves (MHWs) increased significantly, while the total days of marine cold-spells (MCSs) decreased, with the magnitude of the decrease in MCS days being smaller than the increase in MHW days. In the last decade, MHWs have occurred year-round, with peak occurrences in winter and minima in spring. Our findings reveal the spatiotemporal complexity of SST variability along the China coast and underscore the indispensable role of long-term homogenized observations from coastal marine stations as a core benchmark for regional climate change research.</p>

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Analysis on sea surface temperature and its extreme characteristics along China coast during 1960–2023

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月31日

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  • Aimei Wang,
  • Mengyuan Quan,
  • Hui Wang,
  • Jingxin Luo,
  • Dong Wang

摘要

Significant changes in sea surface temperature (SST) under global warming have profoundly affected marine biodiversity and ecosystem stability. However, most existing studies on SST and its extreme characteristics have focused on the open oceans, with limited attention to coastal regions. As critical interfaces for fisheries, aquaculture, and diverse socio-economic activities, coastal waters are particularly vulnerable to extreme SST variations. Based on long-term in situ observations from marine stations, this study investigates the spatiotemporal characteristics of mean SST and SST extremes along China coast from 1960 to 2023, with emphasis on long-term trends, seasonal variations, and regional disparities. Results show that coastal mean SST has increased significantly at a rate of 0.27°C/(10 a), exceeding the global ocean average. Spatially, higher SST warming rates were observed in the coastal waters of the Bohai Sea, the Yellow Sea, and the vicinity of the Changjiang River Estuary, whereas relatively lower rates were recorded along the South China Sea coast. Significant seasonal heterogeneity is identified, with stronger warming in autumn and winter than in summer, although summer warming has accelerated in recent decades. Extreme SST events also exhibit substantial long-term changes. The total days of marine heatwaves (MHWs) increased significantly, while the total days of marine cold-spells (MCSs) decreased, with the magnitude of the decrease in MCS days being smaller than the increase in MHW days. In the last decade, MHWs have occurred year-round, with peak occurrences in winter and minima in spring. Our findings reveal the spatiotemporal complexity of SST variability along the China coast and underscore the indispensable role of long-term homogenized observations from coastal marine stations as a core benchmark for regional climate change research.