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<p>Sea level has been rising gradually in recent decades. Against this background, this study utilizes synchronous multi-altimeter measurements to investigate variations in wind and wave fields relative to sea level anomaly (SLA) in the China Seas and its adjacent waters. The validation between Haiyang-2 (HY-2) measurement proceeded to be geophysical data records (GDR) and moored buoys indicate that HY-2 scatterometer-measured wind speed outperforms that derived from altimeter, with lower root-mean-squared error (RMSE) (1.87 m/s vs. 2.03 m/s), smaller bias (−0.06 m/s vs. 0.47 m/s), same correlation (COR) (0.84), and reduced scatter index (SI) (0.27 vs. 0.29). Conversely, GDR product from HY-2 altimeter demonstrates reliable accuracy of significant wave height (SWH) (RMSE: 0.37 m, bias: −0.03 m, COR: 0.92, SI: 0.30). Further time series analysis of HY-2 data reveals synchronized oscillations among SLA, wind speed and SWH with SLA strongly influencing wind speed under extreme conditions. Seasonal and regional disparities are evident: wind speed positively correlates with SLA in spring but shows a negative correlation in summer, while autumn and winter exhibit weak correlations. Periodic linkages between SWH and SLA are prominent in summer and autumn. In addition, the regional analysis shows that the Bohai Sea experiences declining autumn/winter wind speeds with higher SLA but without consistent SWH trends, while the Yellow Sea demonstrates summer covariation among wind speed, SWH and SLA. The East China Sea maintains synchronized SLA-wind speed-SWH relationship throughout spring, summer and winter, while the South China Sea shows alignment only in spring. The largest SLA, wind speed and SWH variations occur in the East China Sea and South China Sea, primarily driven by vigorous energy exchanges processes with the open ocean. These findings highlight distinct response mechanisms of regional marine dynamics to SLA, shaped by localized hydrological-climatic interactions.</p>

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Variation in wind and wave with respect to sea level anomaly in China Seas and its adjacent waters based on remote sensing product

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年10月1日

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  • Song Pan,
  • Weizeng Shao,
  • Yongjun Jia,
  • Yuyi Hu,
  • Xingwei Jiang,
  • Zhengguang Zhang

摘要

Sea level has been rising gradually in recent decades. Against this background, this study utilizes synchronous multi-altimeter measurements to investigate variations in wind and wave fields relative to sea level anomaly (SLA) in the China Seas and its adjacent waters. The validation between Haiyang-2 (HY-2) measurement proceeded to be geophysical data records (GDR) and moored buoys indicate that HY-2 scatterometer-measured wind speed outperforms that derived from altimeter, with lower root-mean-squared error (RMSE) (1.87 m/s vs. 2.03 m/s), smaller bias (−0.06 m/s vs. 0.47 m/s), same correlation (COR) (0.84), and reduced scatter index (SI) (0.27 vs. 0.29). Conversely, GDR product from HY-2 altimeter demonstrates reliable accuracy of significant wave height (SWH) (RMSE: 0.37 m, bias: −0.03 m, COR: 0.92, SI: 0.30). Further time series analysis of HY-2 data reveals synchronized oscillations among SLA, wind speed and SWH with SLA strongly influencing wind speed under extreme conditions. Seasonal and regional disparities are evident: wind speed positively correlates with SLA in spring but shows a negative correlation in summer, while autumn and winter exhibit weak correlations. Periodic linkages between SWH and SLA are prominent in summer and autumn. In addition, the regional analysis shows that the Bohai Sea experiences declining autumn/winter wind speeds with higher SLA but without consistent SWH trends, while the Yellow Sea demonstrates summer covariation among wind speed, SWH and SLA. The East China Sea maintains synchronized SLA-wind speed-SWH relationship throughout spring, summer and winter, while the South China Sea shows alignment only in spring. The largest SLA, wind speed and SWH variations occur in the East China Sea and South China Sea, primarily driven by vigorous energy exchanges processes with the open ocean. These findings highlight distinct response mechanisms of regional marine dynamics to SLA, shaped by localized hydrological-climatic interactions.