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<p>Marine protected areas (MPAs) play a critical role in maintaining marine ecosystem health, conserving biodiversity, and sustaining coastal livelihoods and socio-economic benefits. However, MPAs in China still face significant design and management limitations, including a lack of a robust scientific basis for boundary delineation, weak enforcement capacity, poor adaptability to environmental and socio-economic changes, and insufficient integration of the ocean’s three-dimensional characteristics. These limitations are particularly evident in the context of climate change, overexploitation of marine resources, and the complex dynamics of ecosystems. This study systematically reviews the current status and challenges of MPAs in China, with a specific focus on the need for and benefits of dynamic and three-dimensional protected areas for marine conservation. Dynamic protected areas, supported by real-time monitoring and flexible boundary adjustments, can more effectively respond to the migratory patterns of marine species and seasonal distribution shifts along China’s coast. On the other hand, three-dimensional protected areas enhance ecosystem protection by incorporating vertical ecological gradients and ocean depth, offering a vital complement to the predominantly two-dimensional protection approach currently in use. The study indicates that, with current technological and data capabilities, effective implementation of these advanced approaches requires precision marine observations, advanced analysis methods, and coordinated efforts among diverse stakeholders. In response, the study synthesizes multiple case studies to illustrate the potential ecological, managerial, and policy-related outcomes of dynamic and three-dimensional MPAs. It proposes strategies for optimization, implementation pathways, and targeted policy recommendations. Ultimately, the study emphasizes the critical role of scientific planning and technological innovation in enhancing the effectiveness of MPAs in China. It calls upon policymakers and the broader society to increase attention and investment in dynamic and three-dimensional marine conservation approaches. This work not only provides a scientific foundation for more precise and efficient marine governance in China, but also lays crucial foundation for achieving ocean-related sustainable development goals aligned with China’s national context.</p>

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Marine environmental changes and ecosystem services of marine protected areas in China: concepts, methods, progress, and policy recommendations

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年10月1日

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  • Chunrong Li,
  • Chunlei Ma,
  • Jun Zhao,
  • Linbin Zhou

摘要

Marine protected areas (MPAs) play a critical role in maintaining marine ecosystem health, conserving biodiversity, and sustaining coastal livelihoods and socio-economic benefits. However, MPAs in China still face significant design and management limitations, including a lack of a robust scientific basis for boundary delineation, weak enforcement capacity, poor adaptability to environmental and socio-economic changes, and insufficient integration of the ocean’s three-dimensional characteristics. These limitations are particularly evident in the context of climate change, overexploitation of marine resources, and the complex dynamics of ecosystems. This study systematically reviews the current status and challenges of MPAs in China, with a specific focus on the need for and benefits of dynamic and three-dimensional protected areas for marine conservation. Dynamic protected areas, supported by real-time monitoring and flexible boundary adjustments, can more effectively respond to the migratory patterns of marine species and seasonal distribution shifts along China’s coast. On the other hand, three-dimensional protected areas enhance ecosystem protection by incorporating vertical ecological gradients and ocean depth, offering a vital complement to the predominantly two-dimensional protection approach currently in use. The study indicates that, with current technological and data capabilities, effective implementation of these advanced approaches requires precision marine observations, advanced analysis methods, and coordinated efforts among diverse stakeholders. In response, the study synthesizes multiple case studies to illustrate the potential ecological, managerial, and policy-related outcomes of dynamic and three-dimensional MPAs. It proposes strategies for optimization, implementation pathways, and targeted policy recommendations. Ultimately, the study emphasizes the critical role of scientific planning and technological innovation in enhancing the effectiveness of MPAs in China. It calls upon policymakers and the broader society to increase attention and investment in dynamic and three-dimensional marine conservation approaches. This work not only provides a scientific foundation for more precise and efficient marine governance in China, but also lays crucial foundation for achieving ocean-related sustainable development goals aligned with China’s national context.