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<p>With the accelerating effects of global warming, changes in Arctic sea ice extent (SIE) have become a focal point of research. However, due to its spatial heterogeneity and the complexity of its evolution, understanding the mechanisms driving sea ice remains a significant challenge. This study systematically examines the spatiotemporal variability of Arctic SIE and its coupling mechanisms with atmospheric-oceanic dynamic processes based on passive microwave satellite observations and atmospheric reanalysis datasets. The findings show that during the period from 1979 to 2022 (44 a), the SIE exhibited an annual change rate of (−4.36 ± 0.30) × 10<sup>4</sup> km<sup>2</sup>. The most significant decline was observed in summer [(−7.39 ± 0.48) × 10<sup>4</sup> km<sup>2</sup>/a]. In contrast, the decrease in winter sea ice concentration (SIC) was primarily observed in the Barents Sea and Kara Sea. Meanwhile, persistent SIC retreat was observed across most of the Arctic during spring, summer and autumn. To quantify the contributions of environmental factors, the study employs multiple approaches, which reveal that sea surface temperature is the most influential factor. Furthermore, meteorological statistical methods are used to investigate how climate patterns regulate SIC by influencing Arctic atmospheric circulation. These findings highlight the intricate interactions among Arctic atmosphere, ocean, SIE and climate patterns, providing a theoretical framework and scientific basis for understanding the evolution of SIE.</p>

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On spatial and temporal changes of Arctic sea ice from 1979 to 2022

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年10月1日

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  • Mingtao Liu,
  • Xin Liu,
  • Xiaotao Chang,
  • Le Chang,
  • Jinyun Guo,
  • Heping Sun

摘要

With the accelerating effects of global warming, changes in Arctic sea ice extent (SIE) have become a focal point of research. However, due to its spatial heterogeneity and the complexity of its evolution, understanding the mechanisms driving sea ice remains a significant challenge. This study systematically examines the spatiotemporal variability of Arctic SIE and its coupling mechanisms with atmospheric-oceanic dynamic processes based on passive microwave satellite observations and atmospheric reanalysis datasets. The findings show that during the period from 1979 to 2022 (44 a), the SIE exhibited an annual change rate of (−4.36 ± 0.30) × 104 km2. The most significant decline was observed in summer [(−7.39 ± 0.48) × 104 km2/a]. In contrast, the decrease in winter sea ice concentration (SIC) was primarily observed in the Barents Sea and Kara Sea. Meanwhile, persistent SIC retreat was observed across most of the Arctic during spring, summer and autumn. To quantify the contributions of environmental factors, the study employs multiple approaches, which reveal that sea surface temperature is the most influential factor. Furthermore, meteorological statistical methods are used to investigate how climate patterns regulate SIC by influencing Arctic atmospheric circulation. These findings highlight the intricate interactions among Arctic atmosphere, ocean, SIE and climate patterns, providing a theoretical framework and scientific basis for understanding the evolution of SIE.