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<p>The Indonesian Throughflow (ITF), mainly through the Makassar Strait, transports amounts of water and salt from the tropical Pacific Ocean to the Indian Ocean, playing a crucial role in modulating heat and energy budget between two oceans. The South China Sea Throughflow (SCSTF) significantly contributes to the net transport of the ITF via Karimata Strait and Mindoro-Sibutu Passage. However, the specific proportion and variability of South China Sea (SCS) water joining the ITF are still unclear. Based on high-resolution reanalysis data and a Lagrangian particle tracking method-Connectivity Modelling System (CMS), we quantified the proportion and variability of SCS water joining the ITF in the Makassar Strait. The results show that about 16.41% of the particles released in the Makassar Strait could be back- tracked from the SCS and 42.45% from the western Pacific Ocean. The particles through Mindoro Strait and Karimata Strait are about 10.55% and 3.39%, respectively. About 14.56% and 15.42% particles are trapped in the Sulu and Sulawesi seas. The proportion of SCS water shows significant interannual variability, which is highly related to El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events. The correlation coefficient between interannual change of SCS water volume proportion and the Niño 3.4 index is 0.75, with an increase of about 24% during El Niño years and a decrease of about −22% during La Niña years. The proportion also varies with the depth of particles released, showing two peaks at surface and subsurface depths of 5 m and 110 m, respectively.</p>

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Proportion and variability of South China Sea water joining the Indonesian Throughflow in the Makassar Strait

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年6月1日

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  • Shuaichen Xin,
  • Mingting Li,
  • Jinchi Xie,
  • Dongxiao Wang

摘要

The Indonesian Throughflow (ITF), mainly through the Makassar Strait, transports amounts of water and salt from the tropical Pacific Ocean to the Indian Ocean, playing a crucial role in modulating heat and energy budget between two oceans. The South China Sea Throughflow (SCSTF) significantly contributes to the net transport of the ITF via Karimata Strait and Mindoro-Sibutu Passage. However, the specific proportion and variability of South China Sea (SCS) water joining the ITF are still unclear. Based on high-resolution reanalysis data and a Lagrangian particle tracking method-Connectivity Modelling System (CMS), we quantified the proportion and variability of SCS water joining the ITF in the Makassar Strait. The results show that about 16.41% of the particles released in the Makassar Strait could be back- tracked from the SCS and 42.45% from the western Pacific Ocean. The particles through Mindoro Strait and Karimata Strait are about 10.55% and 3.39%, respectively. About 14.56% and 15.42% particles are trapped in the Sulu and Sulawesi seas. The proportion of SCS water shows significant interannual variability, which is highly related to El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events. The correlation coefficient between interannual change of SCS water volume proportion and the Niño 3.4 index is 0.75, with an increase of about 24% during El Niño years and a decrease of about −22% during La Niña years. The proportion also varies with the depth of particles released, showing two peaks at surface and subsurface depths of 5 m and 110 m, respectively.