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<p>The second victim phenomenon describes the psychological stress experienced by healthcare professionals after unexpected adverse events, unintentional errors, or patient harm. The process is typically described in six phases—from acute emotional reaction, to recurring memories and the search for support, to possible ways of coping (leaving, surviving, or growing). Common symptoms include feelings of guilt and shame, anxiety, intrusive memories, and self-doubt. The effects impact not only those directly involved, but also patient safety and organizations: an increased risk of errors, defensive medicine, absenteeism, presenteeism, and staff turnover have all been described. In German-speaking countries, eleven SeViD (second victims in German-speaking countries) studies show prevalences of 53&#xa0;to 94%, while awareness of the term remains low. Collegial support is the most important resource. An effective support measure for second victims is the introduction of structured peer support programs. Health economic modeling also points to considerable saving potential: several thousand euros can be saved per person supported; extrapolated to the inpatient sector, this results in potential annual savings in the billions. Support services for second victims are therefore highly relevant from both an ethical and a&#xa0;health economic perspective.</p>

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Belastende Ereignisse in der Patientenversorgung: Das Second-Victim-Phänomen verstehen und adressieren

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

    开放获取

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月28日

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  • Victoria Klemm,
  • Reinhard Strametz,
  • Matthias Raspe

摘要

The second victim phenomenon describes the psychological stress experienced by healthcare professionals after unexpected adverse events, unintentional errors, or patient harm. The process is typically described in six phases—from acute emotional reaction, to recurring memories and the search for support, to possible ways of coping (leaving, surviving, or growing). Common symptoms include feelings of guilt and shame, anxiety, intrusive memories, and self-doubt. The effects impact not only those directly involved, but also patient safety and organizations: an increased risk of errors, defensive medicine, absenteeism, presenteeism, and staff turnover have all been described. In German-speaking countries, eleven SeViD (second victims in German-speaking countries) studies show prevalences of 53 to 94%, while awareness of the term remains low. Collegial support is the most important resource. An effective support measure for second victims is the introduction of structured peer support programs. Health economic modeling also points to considerable saving potential: several thousand euros can be saved per person supported; extrapolated to the inpatient sector, this results in potential annual savings in the billions. Support services for second victims are therefore highly relevant from both an ethical and a health economic perspective.