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<p>This research reconstructs for the first time the design procedures and thought processes of the Roman engineers who in the first and second century CE built two water-lifting wheels with compartmented rims. The optimization process of these wheels is examined, from that described by Vitruvius to the models with compartmented rims at Dolaucothi Rio Tinto. For the latter two, analysis demonstrates how the number of compartments was determined, why the mouth of the compartments is adjacent to the anterior septum and distant from the outer edge of the wheel, why the mouth of the Dolaucothi wheel has the shape of an entire shield and why that of Rio Tinto half shield with a cut corresponding to the internal diameter. Finally, the theoretical efficiency index of the two wheels are calculated and two possible operating modes of the Rio Tinto wheel are described.</p>

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Designing the Roman water-lifting wheel operated by treading: Vitruvius to Dolaucothi to Rio Tinto, a process of adaptation and invention

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月23日

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  • Lauro Alberto Barbaresi

摘要

This research reconstructs for the first time the design procedures and thought processes of the Roman engineers who in the first and second century CE built two water-lifting wheels with compartmented rims. The optimization process of these wheels is examined, from that described by Vitruvius to the models with compartmented rims at Dolaucothi Rio Tinto. For the latter two, analysis demonstrates how the number of compartments was determined, why the mouth of the compartments is adjacent to the anterior septum and distant from the outer edge of the wheel, why the mouth of the Dolaucothi wheel has the shape of an entire shield and why that of Rio Tinto half shield with a cut corresponding to the internal diameter. Finally, the theoretical efficiency index of the two wheels are calculated and two possible operating modes of the Rio Tinto wheel are described.