<p>A microbial fuel cell (MFC) is a type of bioreactor that operates under anaerobic conditions, utilizing microbial catalytic activity to convert the chemical energy stored in organic compounds into electrical energy. With the growing global energy crisis, MFCs have gained renewed attention as an eco-friendly technology capable of generating electricity from organic waste while minimizing carbon emissions. MFCs have diverse applications, including the degradation of organic pollutants, wastewater treatment, biosensing, biorecovery, and sustainable power generation. However, their practical implementation remains limited due to low power density. Overcoming these performance challenges requires significant research and innovation. Among the key components of an MFC, the anode plays a crucial role, as it supports biofilm formation where the conversion of organic matter into electrons and protons primarily occurs. The properties of the anode material greatly influence the overall power output and system efficiency. To enhance MFC performance, researchers worldwide are developing and modifying anode materials using various approaches, including metallic and carbon-based materials, waste-derived substrates, metal oxides, nanocomposites, and conducting polymers. This article reviews recent advancements in anode materials for improving microbial fuel cell performance, highlights current challenges, and discusses future directions for anode material development in MFC technology.</p>