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<p>Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a leading cause of cancer mortality, with advanced disease resistant to conventional therapies. Targeted combined immunotherapy, such as ICIs with TKIs or anti-VEGF agents, has improved outcomes, but heterogeneous responses necessitate predictive biomarkers. Molecular imaging (MRI, PET/CT, CT, CEUS) provides non-invasive tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) insights for stratification and monitoring. This review synthesizes advances, evidencing AUCs &gt; 0.85 in response prediction, while critiquing limitations like artifacts and proposing AI-multimodal fusion. We outline a roadmap for precision oncology, enhancing efficacy and personalization in HCC.</p>

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Advances and challenges in immunotherapy and molecular imaging for hepatocellular carcinoma

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年10月14日

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  • Tu Haibin

摘要

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a leading cause of cancer mortality, with advanced disease resistant to conventional therapies. Targeted combined immunotherapy, such as ICIs with TKIs or anti-VEGF agents, has improved outcomes, but heterogeneous responses necessitate predictive biomarkers. Molecular imaging (MRI, PET/CT, CT, CEUS) provides non-invasive tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) insights for stratification and monitoring. This review synthesizes advances, evidencing AUCs > 0.85 in response prediction, while critiquing limitations like artifacts and proposing AI-multimodal fusion. We outline a roadmap for precision oncology, enhancing efficacy and personalization in HCC.