Objective <p>This study aims to conduct a comprehensive bibliometric analysis of ET research, focusing on contributions from authors, institutions, and countries or regions, while mapping collaboration networks. Furthermore, it identifies development trends to provide insights for future research.</p> Methods <p>A bibliometric analysis of ET-related publications (2001–2024) was conducted using data from the Web of Science Core Collection, focusing on publication trends, co-authorship networks, co-citation relationships, and citation bursts.</p> Results <p>A total of 4,297 studies published in 778 journals were included in the analysis. ET research has grown rapidly, with major contributions from researchers in the United States and Europe, particularly through extensive collaborations. Leading figures such as Ayalew Tefferi and Alessandro M. Vannucchi have driven advances in ET classification, molecular mechanisms, and targeted therapies. The discovery of driver mutations, such as <i>JAK2</i>, has revolutionized the diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to ET. Research focus has shifted from clinical morphological diagnosis to molecular diagnostics, with the field now entering the era of targeted therapies. However, the heterogeneity of ET, the limitations of targeted therapies, particularly the lack of management experience and data for high-risk and special populations, as well as the incomplete understanding of the role of inflammation in the disease mechanism, continue to hinder both clinical and scientific progress in ET research.</p> Conclusions <p>Bibliometric analysis demonstrates significant advances in ET research, particularly in molecular pathology and targeted therapies. Future research should address ET heterogeneity, optimize management of high-risk and special populations, overcome the limitations of targeted therapies, and further elucidate the role of inflammation to achieve individualized precision therapy.</p>