Objectives <p>Mindful parenting involves moment-to-moment awareness in the parent-child relationship, especially during emotional challenges. To better understand the neural processes involved in a mindful parental response, we investigated relations between mothers’ state mindfulness and neural responses to their own infant’s distress. We further tested whether neural signatures of state mindfulness were associated with parenting experiences.</p> Method <p>Twenty-five mothers viewed videos of their 3-month-old infant in positive (peekaboo) and negative (arm-restraint) affect-inducing situations during functional MRI scanning. Immediately afterwards, they reported their state mindfulness during the viewing task using the Toronto Mindfulness Scale. Whole-brain analyses identified activation to own infant negative vs. positive videos associated with Decentering and Curiosity subscales, and extracted signal change was used to predict mother-reported parental stress and mindful parenting.</p> Results <p>Decentering was associated with left-lateralized activity in ventromedial and dorsolateral prefrontal regions: curiosity with a smaller cluster in the left frontal pole. Neural activity linked to decentering predicted lower parental stress but not mindful parenting.</p> Conclusion <p>The results offer insights into the role of state mindfulness, especially decentering, in emotion processing during stressful parent-infant interactions and may inform future interventions aiming to enhance parental well-being through mindfulness training.</p> Preregistration <p>This study is not preregistered.</p>