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Objectives <p>Breathing training is a common intervention in self-help training and mindfulness practices. The positive effects on mental health are likely because of the development of emotion regulation. Neuroscientific evidence has shown that emotion regulation can be based on approach or withdrawal motivation, characterized by neurological frontal asymmetry. This study examined the role of emotion regulation in long- versus short-term breathing training with electroencephalography-based asymmetric frontal functional connectivity and spectral power evidence in two studies. Study 1 investigated the long-term effects of an 8-week mindfulness training. Study 2 explored neural changes associated with two common breathing training styles: passive <i>guided breathing</i> and active <i>breath counting</i>.</p> Method <p>Study 1 analyzed data from 31 participants (mindfulness group <i>n</i> = 17, control group <i>n</i> = 14) who either completed the 8-week mindfulness training or served as controls to examine the neural long-term effects. Study 2 involved 51 participants in a cross-sectional experiment after practicing different breathing training styles, which were delivered through a virtual reality platform. We calculated atlas-based functional connectivity and evaluated differences between long and short term.</p> Results <p>Study 1 revealed that the long-term breathing training practitioners exhibited significantly&#xa0;reduced delta and alpha functional connectivity, mainly in the left frontal region. Study 2 found that participants practicing breath counting exhibited significantly&#xa0;reduced gamma functional connectivity in the left frontal region.</p> Conclusions <p>The prominence of left frontal functional connectivity highlights the involvement of approach motivation in emotion regulation during breathing practices. This study underscores the potential for short-term breathing training and digital platforms for practical applications in mindfulness and emotion regulation.</p> Preregistration <p>Study 1 was not preregistered. Study 2 was registered in ClinicalTrials.gov (Number: NCT06656741; <a href="https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06656741">https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06656741</a>).</p>

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Frontal Electroencephalography Asymmetry and Desynchronized Functional Connectivity Associated with Long-Term and Short-Term Breathing Training

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月19日

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  • Hei-Yin Hydra Ng,
  • Ai-Ling Hsu,
  • Changwei W. Wu,
  • Chih-Mao Huang,
  • Yi-Ping Chao,
  • Tzyy-Ping Jung,
  • Chun-Hsiang Chuang

摘要

Objectives

Breathing training is a common intervention in self-help training and mindfulness practices. The positive effects on mental health are likely because of the development of emotion regulation. Neuroscientific evidence has shown that emotion regulation can be based on approach or withdrawal motivation, characterized by neurological frontal asymmetry. This study examined the role of emotion regulation in long- versus short-term breathing training with electroencephalography-based asymmetric frontal functional connectivity and spectral power evidence in two studies. Study 1 investigated the long-term effects of an 8-week mindfulness training. Study 2 explored neural changes associated with two common breathing training styles: passive guided breathing and active breath counting.

Method

Study 1 analyzed data from 31 participants (mindfulness group n = 17, control group n = 14) who either completed the 8-week mindfulness training or served as controls to examine the neural long-term effects. Study 2 involved 51 participants in a cross-sectional experiment after practicing different breathing training styles, which were delivered through a virtual reality platform. We calculated atlas-based functional connectivity and evaluated differences between long and short term.

Results

Study 1 revealed that the long-term breathing training practitioners exhibited significantly reduced delta and alpha functional connectivity, mainly in the left frontal region. Study 2 found that participants practicing breath counting exhibited significantly reduced gamma functional connectivity in the left frontal region.

Conclusions

The prominence of left frontal functional connectivity highlights the involvement of approach motivation in emotion regulation during breathing practices. This study underscores the potential for short-term breathing training and digital platforms for practical applications in mindfulness and emotion regulation.

Preregistration

Study 1 was not preregistered. Study 2 was registered in ClinicalTrials.gov (Number: NCT06656741; https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06656741).