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<p>Ag–Zn nanostructures were synthesized using two advanced physical fabrication techniques, atmospheric pressure plasma jet (APPJ) and pulsed laser ablation in liquid (PLAL), and systematically compared to elucidate the influence of synthesis pathway on nanoparticle growth and antibacterial performance. Unlike most previous studies that focused on a single preparation route, the present work provides a direct comparative evaluation of plasma-assisted and laser-assisted synthesis under controlled conditions. X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed the formation of crystalline Ag–Zn nanostructures, with PLAL promoting energy-dependent crystallite growth, whereas APPJ exhibited progressive crystallinity enhancement with increasing treatment time. FESEM and AFM investigations revealed distinct growth behaviors; PLAL induced a transition from quasi-spherical nanoparticles to anisotropic plate- and rod-like structures accompanied by increased surface roughness, while APPJ produced predominantly spherical nanoparticles with gradual densification and improved surface uniformity. UV–Vis spectroscopy demonstrated enhanced optical absorption with increasing laser energy and plasma exposure time, indicating higher nanoparticle yield and stronger light–matter interaction. The antibacterial activity against Gram-negative <i>Proteus mirabilis</i> and Gram-positive <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> showed a strong dependence on synthesis conditions, achieving maximum inhibition zones of approximately 25&#xa0;mm and 23&#xa0;mm for PLAL (800&#xa0;mJ) and APPJ (12&#xa0;min), respectively. The enhanced antibacterial performance is attributed to the combined effects of Ag⁺ and Zn²⁺ ion release, defect-mediated reactive oxygen species generation, and increased surface reactivity. The results demonstrate that PLAL offers rapid energy-driven nanostructure evolution, whereas APPJ enables controlled time-dependent growth. This comparative study provides new insight into the relationship between synthesis mechanism and functional performance, highlighting effective strategies for tailoring Ag–Zn nanostructures for antibacterial and biomedical applications.</p>

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Tailoring Antibacterial Efficiency of Ag–Zn Nanostructures via Dual Plasma–Laser Routes: A Comparative Study of Growth Mechanisms and Functional Performance

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月21日

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  • Dalal Y. Sarhan,
  • Kadhim A. Aadim

摘要

Ag–Zn nanostructures were synthesized using two advanced physical fabrication techniques, atmospheric pressure plasma jet (APPJ) and pulsed laser ablation in liquid (PLAL), and systematically compared to elucidate the influence of synthesis pathway on nanoparticle growth and antibacterial performance. Unlike most previous studies that focused on a single preparation route, the present work provides a direct comparative evaluation of plasma-assisted and laser-assisted synthesis under controlled conditions. X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed the formation of crystalline Ag–Zn nanostructures, with PLAL promoting energy-dependent crystallite growth, whereas APPJ exhibited progressive crystallinity enhancement with increasing treatment time. FESEM and AFM investigations revealed distinct growth behaviors; PLAL induced a transition from quasi-spherical nanoparticles to anisotropic plate- and rod-like structures accompanied by increased surface roughness, while APPJ produced predominantly spherical nanoparticles with gradual densification and improved surface uniformity. UV–Vis spectroscopy demonstrated enhanced optical absorption with increasing laser energy and plasma exposure time, indicating higher nanoparticle yield and stronger light–matter interaction. The antibacterial activity against Gram-negative Proteus mirabilis and Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus showed a strong dependence on synthesis conditions, achieving maximum inhibition zones of approximately 25 mm and 23 mm for PLAL (800 mJ) and APPJ (12 min), respectively. The enhanced antibacterial performance is attributed to the combined effects of Ag⁺ and Zn²⁺ ion release, defect-mediated reactive oxygen species generation, and increased surface reactivity. The results demonstrate that PLAL offers rapid energy-driven nanostructure evolution, whereas APPJ enables controlled time-dependent growth. This comparative study provides new insight into the relationship between synthesis mechanism and functional performance, highlighting effective strategies for tailoring Ag–Zn nanostructures for antibacterial and biomedical applications.